Geologic History of Red Rock Canyon and Valley of Fire

Valley of Fire and Red Rock Canyon Red Rock Canyon is directly found 5 miles west of Las Vegas, Nevada. It is 197,000 sections of land inside the Mojave Desert. The gully is one of a few in the state with the name Red Rock, this one is situated on the east side of Spring Mountain, the level land ascends to an extraordinary vivid ledge, shaped along a flaw zone (the Keystone Thrust) with a few tops more than 8,000 feet, and including immense bluffs and gorges made out of groups of dark Paleozoic carbonates, white and red Jurassic sandstone, all intensely dissolved. The wide vacant fields underneath the slopes are studded with Joshua trees and different plants common of the Mojave Desert, adding to a most amazing scene. Red stone gorge has a genuinely perplexing geologic history. The now national preservation territory was at the base of a profound sea bowl and the western bank of North America was in present day Utah. Around 542 million years prior, Paleozoic, the territory was under a profound sea. Thick stores of residue, about 9,000ft, were lithified. This lithified residue in the long run framed limestone and other comparative carbonate rocks. Conservation of marine invertebrate fossils gives proof to a marine setting for the Paleozoic. Beginning around 250 million years back, the Mesozoic period, the earths hull rose because of structural movements. This constrained water out of the region deserting rock arrangements of salt and gypsum, this lead to the presentation of the previous ocean bed making the stone oxidize to the now trademark red-orange shading. The Paleozoic carbonates are predominantly dim in shading and just red-orange locally. These prior carbonate stores were broken down and oxidized because of ocean level drop and sub elevated introduction, making an unconformable surface (unconformity). The seabed rose gradually something close to 225 million years prior, making streams enter shallow waters, storing mud and sand. This later became shale and marine sandstones of the Triassic Moenkopi development. During Triassic time, the changing scene caught a few huge waterways. These wandering streams stored mud, rock and different flotsam and jetsam like logs. At times minerals supplanted the organics transforming them into froze wood. These are a portion of the couple of fossils found at the foot of the precipices. These earthly stores make up the Triassic Chinle Formation. Around 180 million years back the ocean levels had dropped leaving the region totally bone-dry like the Sahara desert, a huge desert with moving red sands and tremendous hill fields. Winds moved the ridges and leveled more established ones leaving calculated lines in the sand alluded to as cross-beds. These thus were covered by different silt and inevitably solidified into sandstone by iron oxide and calcium carbonate. The sandstone is privately known as Aztec sandstone; it is hard and structures the unmistakable bluffs of the Red Rock slope. The Aztec proportionate is known as the Navajo Sandstone, which harvests out in a considerable lot of the Utah National Parks, so the moving sand ocean was along the side broad. The most critical element of Red Rock Canyon is the Keystone Thrust Fault, an opposite shortcoming with a shallow plunge. A push issue is a crack in the world's outside, bringing about a compacting power driving one crustal plate over the highest point of another. This outcomes in more established stone lying on more youthful. The Keystone Thrust is a piece of an enormous arrangement of push blames that expands north into Canada. The dim dark Cambrian Limestone of the Bonanza King Formation was moved sideways or more Aztec Sandstone from the Jurassic period. Putting generally more seasoned stone over more youthful, inverse of what we know to as a rule occur in geologic time and from the laws of superposition. This push shortcoming was generally dynamic during the long Sevier Orogeny, a mountain building occasion, around 70 million years prior. This structural action from the west pushed high class eastbound; the development on the Sevier crease push was almost 100 kilometers. Geologist accept 65 million years prior, during the Larimide Orogeny, that two of the world's crustal plates crashed into such power that piece of one plate was pushed up and over more youthful sandstones. This push contact is unmistakably characterized by the sharp difference between the dim limestones and the red sandstones. The southern Nevada segment of the crease and push belt was not influenced by Larimide twisting just Sevier Orogeny. Like the Larimide, the Sevier Orogeny was additionally because of impact of earth’s crustal plates at the subduction zone at the western US edge. The anxiety related with this impact caused low-point pushing further inland, which is typified by the Rocky Mountain geology that we see today. The explanation Nevada is the most bumpy state is on the grounds that the mainland hull was extended practically 100% in Tertiary time. Southern NV was influenced by this expansion, as appeared by Fig 1 with the pushes that are part by the strike-slip flaws. The push issues were emplaced in Late Jurassic to early Tertiary time. At that point, during the Miocene, right sidelong development on the LVVSZ split the entirety of the prior pushes. In this way, on the off chance that that is the situation, at that point the stones that you see at Red Rocks are equivalent to found in the VALLEY OF FIRE. Notwithstanding, there are Cretaceous and Tertiary shakes that yield out in the Valley of Fire that don’t exist or are covered and not uncovered in Red Rock Canyon. Valley Of fire is found 55 miles Northeast of Las Vegas, Nevada east of Overton. It includes 46,000 sections of land and is Nevada’s most established state park. The geologic history of this park follows a similar timetable are Red stone. With just a couple of contrasts, the white and red Jurassic sandstone and limestone’s from the Paleozoic time. These are indistinguishable succession of rock units from uncovered in Red Rocks The Muddy Mountain push of the Valley Of Fire is comparable to the Keystone pushed in Red Rocks, which brings Cambrian Bonanza King over the Jurassic Aztec. The Willow Tank Thrust is the easternmost pushed, which brings Jurassic Aztec over the Cretaceous Willow Tank Formation (push is appeared in fig 2). Cretaceous shakes in the Valley of Fire (these stones were saved in a foreland bowl before the push belt and in this manner were saved because of resulting entombment). The Willow Tank Formation, ~101-98 Ma, dates from a fossil plant and radiometric ages from debris beds, aggregates, mudstones, debris beds, sandstones in this unit. Which are deciphered to have been saved in a low-lying floodplain and lake situations. White Member Sandstones and combinations are deciphered to be stored in interlaced stream and alluvial fan situations, 95-96 Ma, age dates from debris beds. The white shading is credited to the elevate and disintegration of the Jurassic Aztec sandstone on the Willow Tank push. So this unit is gotten from the disintegration of that frontal push Red Member. Additionally, sandstones and aggregates have been deciphered to be stored in meshed stream and alluvial fan situations, ~93 Ma, age date from one debris bed the red shading is because of disintegration of more seasoned units (Triassic-Paleozoic) on the Willow Tank Thrust. Overton Conglomerate Member is overwhelmingly carbonates with subordinate sandstone deciphered to be predominantly interlaced stream stores which the age not known. The Tertiary units that yield out in the Valley of Fire are bowl fill stores. While expansion was occurring (Basin and Range), numerous valleys were framed and housed waterway, lake and alluvial fan depositional situations. So the Tertiary Horse Spring and Muddy Creek Formations are bowl fill stores. The atmosphere in the current day region adds to the safeguarding of the outcrops of sandstone. With mellow winters I running from 0 to 75 degrees and summers surpassing 120 degrees, the parched scene just has enduring from wind to manage. The precipitation once in a while surpasses 4inches per year. A portion of the fascinating and impossible to miss molded out harvests incorporate the Atlatl (at’-lat-l) Rock which is named for an old Indian lance that is delineated in numerous petro glyphs or rock workmanship. There are a large number of these petro glyphs all through the Valley Of Fire and Red Rock Canyon. Atlatl Rock is locatedâ near the west passageway of the recreation center. It makes them extraordinary instances of petro glyphs. So as to see it you should scale a flight of stairs which is around 40 feet high. The petro glyphs at Atlatl Rock are out in the open, noticeable to passers by, around 40 to 60 feet over the ground. The principle board is a moderately level surface which faces precisely east. This was checked by taking compass readings from a few vantage focuses. Atlatl Rock shows a lot of pictures which seem to reveal to a story. There are numerous translations of these pictures. A portion of the understandings are disputable. Nobody will ever truly realize what any petro glyph that was made in ancient occasions implies. Through the methods for ethnographic similarity, anthropologists attempt to decipher the potential implications of these pictures. Atlatl Rock is interesting in light of the fact that it contains pictures that we appear to know the significance of on the grounds that they look natural. The pictures we think we know are blended in with pictures that we can just speculation at. The Beehives are so named for their likeness to colonies. This impact is brought about by disintegration, for the most part wind, or Aeolian procedures. Aeolian disintegration has two fundamental procedures, emptying and scraped spot. Close by is proof of the procedure of collapse where sand is expelled by wind and moved over the desert framing sand hills and rubbing rock surfaces en route. Albeit Aeolian scraped spot isn't frequently as critical as the scraped area process in streams or along shores, it is huge over significant stretches of time. The outcomes are etched rocks with uncommon shapes due to the in situ disintegration. In a fluvial situation disintegration brings about adjusted shapes as rocks are tumbled end over end. The breeze based scraped spot pits, shines, aspects and shapes the uncovered stone surfaces from numerous points of view a

Information Systems Project Management Term Paper

Data Systems Project Management - Term Paper Example The advantages of undertaking the executives are just reachable through powerful task the board. This is just gotten through a task director with the accompanying qualities: execution, information and individual sense of self. Through these characteristics of a viable venture administrator, venture the board will convey counter crease benefits. The supervisor, customer, creation group will get fulfillment from the venture. The advantages are nevertheless not constrained to;†¢ Enhanced conveyance of administrations: Similar techniques used to finish a task are utilized for different ventures. The association has the chance to take a gander at situations.†¢ Positive Team improvement: The group that effectively deals with a task order regard and inspiration. Collaboration created aids the procedure of objective setting and as result lead to expanded creation and consumer loyalty. Littler objectives created become venturing stones towards satisfaction of the bigger objective. T his outcomes to the development of authoritative structure.†¢ Be serious: A fruitful task supervisory crew gets equivalent open doors for other projects.†¢ Flexibility: Project the board makes space for mapping out a procedure. Through this alternative, an administrator is in a situation to execute a reasonable technique for the venture. It likewise offers numerous methods of taking care of issues, a procedure instrumental in relieving dangers. Accessibility of numerous recipes and numerical techniques help groups in inferring at arrangements. Therefore, the association group spares time, assets and energy.... Collaboration created aids the procedure of objective setting and as result lead to expanded creation and consumer loyalty. Littler objectives created become venturing stones towards satisfaction of the bigger objective. This outcomes to the development of authoritative structure. Be serious: A fruitful task supervisory group gets equivalent open doors for different ventures. Adaptability: Project the board makes space for mapping out a system. Through this choice, a director is in a situation to actualize a suitable methodology for the task. It likewise offers numerous methods of taking care of issues, a procedure instrumental in moderating dangers. Accessibility of numerous equations and numerical techniques help groups in determining at arrangements. Thus, the association group spares time, assets and vitality. Hazard appraisal: Project the executives guarantees that assets are very much activated as the procedure diagrams potential dangers and the potential methods of relief. Ant icipating is disentangled with the goal that issues are considered before they create. The critical thinking process recognizes the issues, weighs suitable choices, and looks for reasonable arrangements. Affirmation of value: Through proficiency, quality is expanded. Authoritative pioneers are in a situation to show easy to comprehend and dissect data effectively (Kerzner 2013). Case of Projects that would use profit by a task chief and an undertaking data framework Organizations have vital plans that start ventures. Therefore, ventures are started by both of the accompanying vital objectives: Market interest for a specific item like a vehicle organization starting an undertaking of building eco-friendly vehicles because of deficiencies in gas. Client demand coming about because of the requirements of a general public like

Some virtuosos play $4 million violins, and some Trojan heros wear brass rats

Some virtuosos play $4 million violins, and some Trojan heros wear brass rats From a combination of Being enrolled in  a music class this semester Having musically-inclined friends (and a relative) at MIT Having the great fortune to be an  MIT Arts Scholar I attended four EXCELLENT concerts in the past week, for free. Concert #1: Verdis Stabat Mater and Te Deum, performed by the MIT Symphony Orchestra (MITSO) and the MIT Concert Choir Thursday night, I destroyed both of my knees running three miles on a very inclined treadmill. I paid for my improper shoes / insufficient stretching by spending most of Friday with my legs propped up on a giant stuffed (toy) bear, balancing an ice pack and wincing. But I sucked it up and journeyed down the five flights of New House stairs because MITSO and Concert Choir were performing, and 1) MITSO and the Concert Choir are fabulous, and 2) My little sister is in concert choir Whenever I watch MIT students perform, I get very emotional (or maybe it was the knee pain). I think about how everyone on the stage is an extremely hardworking MIT college student, I look at a violinist and wonder if he or she is a biological engineer or a chemist or a physicist, I think about how all of these people are sitting together and making beautiful music, and I cry. When my kids perform in the 2030s/40s theyre going to hear sobbing from the audience and think oh, COME ON, Mom! Get it together! PS: MITSO and Concert Choir concerts are free for members of the MIT community (I guess: students, faculty, staff? alums?) who purchase their tickets in advance. And in case youre curious about upcoming concerts, heres the MITSO schedule and heres the Concert Choir schedule. Even if you know nobody in either ensemble, you should come. PPS: There is one French House resident in MITSO: Jacob 17 plays the bass. There are two French House residents in Concert Choir: Caitlin 15 and Lisa 17 are both altos. Concert #2: Purcells Dido and Aeneas, performed by the MIT Chamber Chorus Saturday afternoon (the afternoon after the MITSO concert) I walked to Killian Hall and was totally astonished when the ticket collector at the door whipped out an iPhone and let me through even though I had forgotten to print out my hard copy ticket. Wow. TECHNOLOGY! MITs Chamber Chorus performed a fully-staged production of Purcells opera,  Dido and Aeneas. We studied this opera in my music class, and I was excited to hear familiar pieces being sung by my friends: Davie 12 was Aeneas (I used to be Davies neighbor; my room used to vibrate with his humming), Caitlin 15, Elizabeth 14, and Troy 15 were in the chorus, Ben 14 was an excellent drunken sailor, and Lizi 12 was a heartless Spirit. An interlude about the opera, for those of you who care: interlude Opera was not a Big Thing in 17th century England certainly not in the way that it was a Big Thing in 17th century Italy and France. English opera consisted of short one-act plays that had musical scores and perhaps some song-and-dance interludes. There was a whole English semi-opera genre, with the now-counterintuitive feature that main characters did not sing because sung words are hard to understand. Musical entertainment and singing were left to the minor characters: they were an accessory, not the focus of the play. Henry Purcell was an organist at Westminster Abbey, which is very strange to think about. As a little kid, I cried and insisted on leaving Westminster Abbey, because the tombs and dead people and grey stone blocks freaked me out. About a decade later, I graduated in a building right across the street from Westminster Abbey. So, that building and I have history, and its weird to think that Henry Purcell and I have stood on the same grey stone blocks. My feelings on Westminster Abbey aside, Purcell was a musical genius. Period. That said, I admit that his brash and pungent style (a perfect phrase from my textbook by Richard Taruskin) has been an acquired taste for me. In my music class, we listened to his Overture in D Minor and Sonata No. 3 in D Minor, which I could get along with but his Fantazia 7 in C Minor (which to my ear has no direction whatsoever) is a bit much. I do love his opera music, though. He was a superstar composer for the London stage, and his career highlights include  The Fairy Queen and Dido and Aeneas. When most people think of opera, they think: red plushy seats and people singing unintelligibly in a foreign language for FOUR HOURS. Or maybe thats just what I used to think of, before I saw Carmen and The Magic Flute (admittedly, these are two of the most accessible operas out there). Dido and Aeneas is only about an hour long, and is one of the only 17th century English operas that was meant to be sung through from beginning to end. The English language is particularly difficult to set to music, in part because long syllables are not necessarily the stressed syllables. Its cool to look at the opera score, and see the short-long (sixteenth note dotted eighth note) rhythms that reflect typical English short-long word couplings (ex. in peace, so much). And it is very weird to listen to an opera, think that it must be in a foreign language, and realize in a rare burst of intelligibility that its in English. Anyway, Dido and Aeneas is a beautiful beautiful opera, and you should find a recording to listen to. Dont be scared; its short! /interlude. MITs production was staged by Lynn Torgove, who was adamant that it be characteristic to MIT. All the actors (aside from the one or two main characters in the scene) wore matching T-shirts and sneakers, and I noticed that Aeneas was wearing a brass rat. The performance was advertised as [emailprotected]: Dido aNd Aeneas. Har Har. But for me, it would have been characteristically MIT even with fancy period costumes and a Royal Opera House setting, because of all the familiar faces in the cast. Flipping through the program bios, you see things like Aeneas is a first-year Ph.D. student in Applied Math, Dido is a sophomoremajoring in Computer Science, and First Lady is a senior linguistics major. Actually, let me just list all of these, because they really give you a sense for why these productions are so special: Dido is a sophomoremajoring in Computer Science. Aeneas is a first-year Ph.D. student in Applied Math. After completing his B.S. at MIT in 2012 (in Math and Music), [he] spent a year studying in Berlin under a Fulbright fellowship. Belinda is a junior studying Computer Science and Molecular Biology (6-7)She has arranged bilingual pop mashups for a cappella, and in her free time, she belts out Broadway and pop hits. First Lady is a senior linguistics major at MITshe has been an opera fangirl for many years now, and is excited to be performing in her first ever production! Sorceress is a junior in course 5 (chemistry). First Witch is a junior at MIT studying aerospace engineering. Second Witch is a third year PhD student in AeroAstro Engineering. Spirithas a BS in electrical engineering from MIT and is completing an MEng in the same subject. She likes the color pink and loves to swing dance. Sailor is a senior in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science as well as Physics. Isnt that cool? I think its cool. Where else are you going to see a Dido and Aeneas production starring a bunch of computer scientists / mathematicians / electrical engineers / aerospace engineers / chemists? PS: Lizi, Davie, Elizabeth, and Caitlin are all French House alums or residents. This means that a little over 20% of the cast is from French House. Considering that there are about 25-30 French House residents at any one time, and 4000 undergrads, that is statistically significant. Concert #3: Lots Of Pieces, performed mind-bogglingly well by Joshua Bell at Bostons Symphony Hall Its kind of hard to know what to say about this. Ill start by telling you how I got a free ticket. Davie 12 e-mailed the Arts Scholars mailing list, saying that Joshua Bell would be performing at Symphony Hall, and asking if we could get together and make the concert an official event. Sam, the Arts Scholars coordinator, said yes and got us all tickets. Sam reserved a table at a Japanese restaurant nearby, so that we could have a free lunch beforehand. Done. Ah, the joys of being an Arts Scholar at MIT. Im going to miss college. We all showed up ready to have our minds blown by Joshua Bells virtuosity. The program read: Tartinis Violin Sonata in G minor, Devils Trill Sonata Beethovens Violin Sonata No. 10, Opus 96 Stravinsky Divertimento for violin and piano (after The Fairys Kiss) Remaining selections to be announced from stage So, there was an element of mystery to the performance. Also, I want to mention that Joshua Bell plays a  1713 Stradivarius, which he bought for $4 million. The violin has a very dramatic history, and Im glad that it gets played regularly instead of stuffed in a museum box for people to gawk at. After the Stravinsky piece, Joshua Bell took the microphone and with a mild what? me? Im good at the violin? tone, said wed like to play a couple more piecesan encore, whether you like it or not. Everyone applauded enthusiastically to indicate that yes, they would like it very much. He and his piano accompanist played Tchaikovskys Melody, to more shrieks and applause. Finally, J. Bell took up the mic again and said before I break the last hair on my bow, wed like to play one more piece for you, and everyone applauded until their hands went numb. I didnt recognize and dont remember the name of the composer. My most undignified moment during the performance was when I wrote a note to Davie asking if Joshua Bell does any composing then changed composing to composting and made myself giggle. During the walk back to MIT campus, Davie and I imagined what it would be like to be Joshua Bells hairdresser, and wondered aloud whether the superstar violinist has donkey ears that only his hairdresser knows about. Concert #4: Haydns Opus 20 No. 2 in C Major, played by the Rowes Lane Quartet Our 21M.235 professor brought in a professional Baroque period quartet to play Haydns Opus 20 No. 2 in C Major (which we had been discussing in class) for us and answer any questions we had. This is the article that inspired the group to form (see the comments section) and heres a little advertisement from the Handel Haydn Society. As usual, I had infinite questions, most of them personal; I like to know how people got where they are. The first violinist started playing the violin in 4th grade, like any other kid, and always had an interest in playing period instruments. Her violin was made by William Forster II in 1817 (father and son are described here) and doesnt have a chin rest because those were invented in 1820. The second violinist plays an instrument made in 2000 (lame!) but which is very exact replica of an instrument from the late 1600s. The cellist was by far the most talkative one of the four (I wonder if there are personality types associated with the different parts of a quartet) and told us that: She is very picky about her chair. It has to be the right height, and the worst are the chairs that slope back because she slides backwards while playing her instrument. In second grade, she wrote I want to play the cello when I grow up during an exercise in practicing cursive. I couldnt spell it, but thats what I said. As fortune would have it, she started playing the cello a few years later. Her cello was made by John Joseph Merlin in 1784. Merlin was Belgian but lived in London, and was a very eccentric character. He patented roller skates, and one time (what came over him?) decided to show off two of his talents at the same time by playing the violin and roller-skating simultaneously. This ended both his violin-playing and roller-skating career. After the cellist published an article about Merlin, she got a call from a museum in northern England (yay England!) letting her know that they had a life-size silver swan music box made by Merlin. Her cello has no endpin, because they didnt have those back in 1784. The viola player (viola-ist?) started by saying: Im Jenny, and my instrument was made by a nuclear physicists working for the British government. That got our attention. She went on to say that she originally came to the US and worked for a Japanese chef, because she didnt want to pursue a career in music. She ended up going back to a conservatory though, and only when she started teaching did she really understand how to play the instrument. I also asked what kinds of annotations they make in their scores. We all have things that challenge us, Jenny said. That informs the annotation. They also annotate what each other are doing, because they dont use full scores. I asked if they have a favorite composer, and apparently thats like asking a mother who her favorite child is. The viola player (I think it was her?) said that she particularly likes Bach, because you can play Bach on any instrument. While the four women played, I thought about how different this performance was from Joshua Bells. Joshua Bell stood on stage while I sat at the back of Symphony Hall. These four played two feet away from me, in an MIT classroom. I will probably never get anywhere close to Joshua Bells fancy shmancy Stradivarius, while these four let us touch and even play their instruments. I swooned more during the former, but learned more during the latter. Post Tagged #Arts Scholars

The Factors and Results of the Industrial Revolution

Introduction: Within a few decades from late 19th century to the early 20th century, from a rural agricultural society, the United States was transformed into an industrial economy centered with large metropolitan cities. Industrial revolution is fundamentally linked with the rise of factories and the decline of skilled artisans in manufacturing. The time period from 1870s to 1930s not only the expanded of industrialization but also urbanization. The pace of rural to urban migration of the native born picked up during this era, but domestic urban ward migrants were dwarfed by the flood of immigrants coming to cities. Immigrants were concentrated in the rapidly growing cities in Northeast and Midwest during industrial revolution of America. At this time, you witnessed a huge flow of immigrant workers, mostly from the Southern and Eastern European, added up with the already immigrant from west European, who came to the US with hope to get out of poverty and inequality. 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Essay about Sterling Seagraves Dragon Lady - 608 Words

Empress Dowager Tzu His Exposed in Sterling Seagraves Dragon Lady China’s great ancient empire has been the source of stories, fables, and fascination throughout the world for generations. The Asian culture has a long history of powerful leaders and ruthless battles making it one of the longest standing powers that the world has ever known. Yet, what took centuries to create was destroyed during the reign of a single ruler, plunging the country into chaos and confusion. The one who often is believed to have generated this collapse is the Empress Dowager Tzu His, the last Empress of China. Until the end of her reign in the early 1900s, the life of the Empress was shrouded in mystery. Once people gained access to the court†¦show more content†¦Many took Blackhouse’s reports at face value and it was not until later that people began to question the truth about China’s last royal leader. The book Dragon Lady, by Sterling Seagrave, is more than just a biography of the Empress Dowager Tzu Hsi; it is a complex analysis of how the actions of royalty and politics played into China’s most trying times of modernization. Seagrave eliminates the myths and false stories about the Empress, using facts from multiple sources to provide a realistic story, which sets the stage for the reform period of China. Seagrave does an excellent job not only of writing about the life of the Empress Dowager, but also explaining the issues surrounding China at the time of the Empress’ reign. Detailed explanations about the turmoil amongst the other members of the royal court, Western invasion and the Boxer rebellion are carefully analyzed to distinguish truth from fiction in hopes of revealing the true story of Tzu Hsi and eliminating the myths that surround the ruler. John H. Boyle, of California State University, writes in The Library Journal a raving review of Dragon Lady saying: The Dowager Empress Tzu Hsi, ruling from behind the silk curtain, held extraordinary power during the last decades of Chinas tottering empire. Her name has always been linked with unflattering

Homeless graduates and Joblessness Free Essays

Homelessness defines a situation in which a person or a family is living without a home to have their privacy. A home is a basic requirement for every individual to live their life comfortably. It is a place where individual’s basic requirements are fulfilled and provide a healthful environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Homeless graduates and Joblessness or any similar topic only for you Order Now In USA it must be a legally owned place to have a safe condition for living.  Currently in United States there are many people who are homeless and among them many our graduates and educated people who do not have living. They might be an individual with no other support or a family with not enough resources to rent or buy a house. The term homelessness is not just limited to the meaning of â€Å"without a home†, but it has a very broad meaning covering mostly that population who is without a job, has no living, no support, and might be suffering from health issues.  Such homeless graduates either live on streets or shelters. Such people may suffer from a mental illness or physical illness due to lack of safety health measures and support. They may face a number of psychological and physiological problems. Joblessness This is the major cause of homeless graduates. They do not get adequate job and earnings to have their own home. Such guys spend their time on streets, bars, shelters, and many other such places. The one or the other way they just waste their time. Joblessness may be due to their low score at school, any kind of disorder, inability to cope with job and inadequate pay. Mental illness Homeless graduates might be suffering from mental illness and psychological problems like depression, stress, insomnia, drug abuse, alcohol abuse and criminal activities. According to one study around 40% of these homeless graduates suffer from various mental ailments. A number of studies have shown that suicidal rate is also high in such individuals. Drug alcohol abuse Drug abuse and alcohol abuse are the two major problems with homeless graduates. As they do not have a job and most of their time is wasted in bars and streets they easily get addicted with drugs and alcohol. Due to increasingly stress for work and pay they become psychologically depressed. The only way they find out is to have some kind of addiction in order to forget their worries. Such graduates when start on drugs and alcohol are usually unaware of its damaging outcomes and health hazards. Hospital and medical expenditure Due to excessive health hazards their expenses for stay at the hospital and medicines are also very high. These expenses are usually bear by the shelters where they live or donation by charity organizations. Marital status Their marital status is also at doldrums. As they cannot support their spouse and children, they easily get differences with them.  Strategies to solve this increasing problem of homelessness is first to give them adequate education to improve their grades in college. Every graduate must be assured of a job after they complete their education.  Graduates can be hired as trainee at first to give them proper training after school to get acquainted with their job.  Homeless graduates must have enough support that should cover their health problems. In addition, their environment must be safe enough in order to prevent any health hazards. Educating such people about hazards of drug and alcohol abuse: As they’re not aware of the damaging effects of drugs and alcohol they start consuming them in abundance. Later when they encounter several health problems it becomes really problematic for the shelter supporting staff and the individual himself to manage health issues.  If measures will be taken to inform them about the dangerous effects of drugs and alcohol then heavy costs of treatment can be saved. The reason for writing this letter is to bring to your awareness these problems in homeless people is every growing. It must be noted that if the concerned authorities do not take appropriate measure to stop this problem then this situation can become adverse. As more and more people are graduating and homeless kids are reaching their youth this problem does not seem to be ending.  If a homeless person remains jobless and homeless for long period of time then they can become more, dependant, dysfunctional and a burden to a society. It is of utmost importance that some steps must be taken at your earliest to stop ever growing problems of homeless graduates. The first thing is that to enhance their education, bring awareness about hazards of drugs and alcohol, brining health awareness, awareness about exercising and methods to become more useful.  The most important point is that they must participate in any type of activities. Like communal activities, sports activities and volunteer their time in supporting others with handicap.  If a person can become a useful individual of a society in any form then it will be a spiritual satisfaction and a peace of mind for both the individual and the society. References Yesilonis, Bryan. (2007) Report on Homelessness. Retrieved from http://www.bethesda-mission.org/report.htm Homeless Families Program, USA. Retrieved from http://www.valdosta.edu/~clengleh/writingsample.htm How to cite Homeless graduates and Joblessness, Essay examples

Managing People in Sport Organizations †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Managing People in Sport Organizations. Answer: Introduction The report helps in analysing the different kind of issues that has been faced by XYZ Enterprises that is situated in Alberta. It has been seen that the overall revenue of the company has been all time down due to the economic downturn and the operational costs are high in nature and the employee payroll costs have been increased. Furthermore, it has been seen that the sales team were not performing well and the bonuses that were payable were low as well. There were huge conflicts in the sales and customer service department and the number of customers were low as well. However, the competition was doing steadily well in comparison to the last two years. It was seen that the turnover of the employees has been increased and there was no such innovation in the job as well. There were no such orientation programmes conducted by the company for the new employees and there were no job descriptions and the training of the new employees are performed by the co-workers. Furthermore, it has been seen that there were no feedback loops between different departments and the higher officials do not communicate with the lower level employees. The team of customer service do not take any ownership of the different happenings in the respective department as well. The main and purpose of the assignment is to understand the different issues and suggesting solutions for the different issues faced by XYZ Enterprises in Alberta. The different kind of analysis is required to be done by the Human Resource department as this will help in solving the different kind of issues and solve them in an effective manner as well. Report of VP Finance to CEO The revenue of the company was down due to economic downturn Operating costs were over the budget Employee payroll costs has been increased as well The HR department of XYZ Enterprises has been provided with the duty to solve such issues with different implementation of HR strategies that are as follows: The HR department officials has increased the budget for the organization as this provided the entire company wherein the new individuals are required to be recruited in the organization. The recruitment of the new employees is essential in nature for the organization in the present scenario as this will help the company in increasing the employees and this will help the company in trying to bring the revenue of the company to a huge extent (Al Ariss, Cerdin Brewster, 2017). Strategy to reduce employee turnover There are different strategies that has been applied by the XYZ Enterprises wherein they need to hire candidates in the first place and this will help them in terms of the behaviour and capacities along with emotional intelligence. The company needs to onboard the candidates in an effective manner as this will help by contributing different rewards and this will help the company in reducing the turnover of employees (Taylor, Doherty McGraw, 2015). The recruitment process has to be conducted by the HR department for hiring suitable candidates in the organization for different departments as this will help in planning and sourcing and screening the candidates accordingly. Proper evaluation is required to be done as this will help in externally recruiting the candidates Secondly, new positions are required to be added by the HR department of the company as this will help in recruiting individuals from different domain and this can help them in estimating the cost of employee payroll as well. The recruitment procedure has to be followed by the company as this will help the company in recruiting suitable candidates for the desired positions as well. The colleagues have to be prepared effectively for the new employee as this will help in making the employees comfortable and it will help the company in reducing turnover of the employees. With the help of recruiting desired candidates, it will help the company in handling the operating costs in an effectual manner. The work that was done less in the last few years will be managed after recruiting suitable candidates and this will include the different kind of training programs as well for such candidates as this will help them in learning the tasks easily. The higher officials need to identify the different difficulties faced by the employees in the organization and solve them with providing them different kind of incentives or bonuses. The Maslows hierarchy theory can be applied by the respective company as this will help in solving the different issues and their needs are to be analysed in an effectual manner. The different kind of needs of the employees will help the company in providing the employees proper praise for the tasks that are performed by them (Bratton Gold, 2017). Report of the VP of Operations Sales team is not performing up to the expectations Conflict between the customer service and sales team Decrease in the number of customers and there are major accounts that has stopped doing business XYZ Enterprises need to take care of the different teams in the organizations wherein the higher officials need to analyse the performance of the different organizations. The performance management strategies have to be analysed in an effective manner as this will help the company in improving the performance of the employees in the sales team. Strategies of Performance management The respective organization needs to understand the different perceptions of the employees and coach them in an effectual manner. The training and development programs has to be implemented in the organization as this will provide the employees a brief idea on the different activities that has to be performed appropriately. The higher officials of the company need to understand the different strategies that will help in improving the overall performance. The strategies of performance management that has to be used by the respective company are as follows: The company needs to align jobs to the employees as to achieve company goals as this will help in achieving the milestones as well (Reiche et al., 2016) Proper establishment and reviewing the different milestones is essential in nature as this will help the company along with the employees to help them in performing well (Albrecht et al., 2015) Proper reward system has to be adopted by the company as to understand the performance of employees and reward them accordingly (Clark et al., 2016) Training and development is required to be adopted by the respective company as this will help in generating continuous feedback to the customers as this will help the company in coaching employees and reward them accordingly (Marchington et al., 2016) It has been seen that the sales team were not performing well as per the expectations of the company. It is required to provide the employees with different kind of bonuses such as by providing monetary or non-monetary rewards to the different employees. The different benefit programs have to be implemented by the respective company as this will help in providing proper services to their customers in an effective manner (Chelladurai Kerwin, 2017). The different employees are required to be trained by the higher officials of the company wherein the company will be implementing different loyalty programs for the customers and try to meet their demands effectively. The company has to offer discounts to customers who are making purchases from XYZ Enterprises and this will help them in increasing their business as well (Banfield, Kay Royles, 2018). It is necessary for the respective company to understand the different policies that is required to be adopted by them as to provide the employees the different instruction as to provide the customers proper satisfaction by delivering the different products and services in an effectual manner. There will be feedback forms that will be adopted by the company and this will be provided to the customers as this will help the company in understanding the different constraints and solve them in an effective manner as well (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). Discipline Policy The discipline policy has to be implemented by the company for the different employees who are working in the organization. It has been seen that there are different conflicts between the sales and customer service team wherein both are blaming one another for the poor service provided to the customers and this has decreased the number of customers in their company as well (Baum, 2016). The discipline policies that has been implemented by the company are as follows: Verbal Caution is one such policy that will be adopted by the company on the employees when there is unaccepted behaviour of the employees in the organization. This has created huge problematic issues in the organization, then the company can provide verbal caution to the employees (Kramar, 2014) Verbal warning is the other policy can be adopted by the company wherein the company can warn the employees in a strict manner when the employees do not adhere to the rules and regulations of the company and there is huge unaccepted conflict and such behaviour will not be tolerated (Paill et al., 2014) Written warning is the third policy that can be adopted by the company on their employees wherein the different employees are engaged in different unaccepted conflicts and this can harm the company as a whole Suspension can be adopted by the company on their employees wherein the company will be suspending the employees if there is huge informal kind of conflict among the employees (Jackson, Schuler Jiang, 2014) Lastly, there is termination policy that can be adopted by the company for the different employees wherein the company will terminate the employees when all the actions failed and this can create huge issues in the organization as well (Pinto, 2015) Complaints Policy along with company obligations and rights of employees The company needs to implement the complaints policy both for employees and the different target customers of the respective company. The company has introduced a complaint policy as this will help in understanding the different grievances of the customers and employees and solve them with proper implementation of strategies that include the different acts such as equality act and policies related to the satisfaction provided to the customers. There are different company obligations for the employees along with rights of the employees that has to be followed in an effective manner by XYZ Enterprises that are as follows: It is the duty of the employer of the company to take care of the health and safety of the employees in an effectual manner. The company needs to understand the different safety policies such as health and welfare act 2005 that can be implemented by the company for ascertaining welfare of the employees (Wilton, 2016) It is required to provide the employees different kind of rights such as fair compensation, no discrimination along with providing privacy to the employees in an effective manner. This is essential in nature as this will help the company in understanding the problems and the reasons of conflicts that are faced by the employees in the organization in an appropriate manner Report of the VP of HR Rate of turnover has increased to 30% No innovative strategies applied by the company No orientation programme done by the company No feedback loop in the company Customer service team do not take any kind of ownership There are different strategies that has to be applied by the company as to understand the issues and solve them in an effective manner within a specified span. The respective company needs to implement strategies that are as follows: Motivation and training Programs The company has to implement training programs as this will help the employees to cope up with different issues and solve them instantly. There should be motivational theories and models that can be used by XYZ Enterprises as this will help the company in gaining competitive advantage. The motivation theory such as Herzbergs theory can help the organization in understanding issues of the employees and solve them efficiently. As per the respective theory, the respective company can focus more on the different motivational and hygiene factors for the employees. The theory will provide the company and the higher officials the guide for introducing opportunity for advancement and prevention of the dissatisfaction among the different employees. The company needs to understand the issues and provide job security to the employees and provide them a quality workplace to work with their colleagues. Both monetary and non-monetary incentives have to be provided to the employees as this will help the company to reduce the turnover and solve the issues to a great extent (Cascio, 2018). The company has to implement different kind of disruptive innovative strategies as this will help the company along with the employees to focus more on the growth of the company as compared to other competitors in the market. The Vice President has been working with XYZ Enterprises for last few years and there has not been any kind of technological changes in the organization that has laid the company downwards as well (Sparrow, Brewster Chung, 2016). As per the Maslows theory, the onboarding needs to be done effectively as this will help in achieving excellence. The company needs to understand the different technological advancements such as introduction of digital technology while onboarding the employees in their company. The new employees can be trained by OJT method wherein they will be trained about different aspects of the company with the help of different digital technological advancements in their system. Orientation Program Proper orientation program has to be applied by the respective company wherein the company needs to provide the new employees the training for different aspects that are required to be known and learnt by them. The company officials need to conduct the orientation program in such a manner that this will help the employees in handling the different kind of situations in the company once they start completing their tasks effectively. The new employees are required to provide tour facility wherein they will be gaining knowledge on different aspects in the company Secondly, it is required to introduce the new employees to their co-workers as this will help in making the situation simpler and they will be comfortable in understanding one another Proper training and shadowing is essential to be provided to the employees who are new in the company as this will help them in understanding the tasks and they can complete such tasks on their own as well Lastly, proper setting of the evaluation period is required to be set as this will help in giving the employees the opportunity for performing in an appropriate manner Competitive advantage in customer service department The manager of the respective department has been fired, however the situation did not improve and there have been different issues in the customer service department as well. Proper communication is required in the customer service department as this will help in providing the employees the importance of the customers in the organization. The communication gap can cause huge issues and this will help in understanding the value of customers as well. Proper training and development program has to be organized by the company as this will help in maintaining different approaches that can solve the issues efficiently in a positive manner as well. Conclusion Therefore, it can be concluded that there were different issues that was faced by the respective company. With the help of different kind of innovation and other motivation and training approaches, this has helped the company in solving such issues and gain competitive advantage. References Al Ariss, A., Cerdin, J. L., Brewster, C. (2015). International migration and international human resource management.Contemporary HRM Issues in Europe, 3rd edn, London: Routledge. Albrecht, S. L., Bakker, A. B., Gruman, J. A., Macey, W. H., Saks, A. M. (2015). Employee engagement, human resource management practices and competitive advantage: An integrated approach.Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance,2(1), 7-35. Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014).Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Banfield, P., Kay, R., Royles, D. (2018).Introduction to human resource management. Oxford University Press. Baum, T. (Ed.). (2016).Human resource issues in international tourism. Elsevier. Bratton, J., Gold, J. (2017).Human resource management: theory and practice. Palgrave. Brewster, C., Houldsworth, E., Sparrow, P., Vernon, G. (2016).International human resource management. Kogan Page Publishers. Cascio, W. (2018).Managing human resources. McGraw-Hill Education. Chelladurai, P., Kerwin, S. (2017).Human resource management in sport and recreation. Human Kinetics. Clark, W. C., Tomich, T. P., Van Noordwijk, M., Guston, D., Catacutan, D., Dickson, N. M., McNie, E. (2016). Boundary work for sustainable development: Natural resource management at the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR).Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,113(17), 4615-4622. Jackson, S. E., Schuler, R. S., Jiang, K. (2014). An aspirational framework for strategic human resource management.The Academy of Management Annals,8(1), 1-56. Kramar, R. (2014). Beyond strategic human resource management: is sustainable human resource management the next approach?.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,25(8), 1069-1089. Marchington, M., Wilkinson, A., Donnelly, R., Kynighou, A. (2016).Human resource management at work. Kogan Page Publishers. Paill, P., Chen, Y., Boiral, O., Jin, J. (2014). The impact of human resource management on environmental performance: An employee-level study.Journal of Business Ethics,121(3), 451-466. Pinto, J. K. (2015).Project management: achieving competitive advantage. Prentice Hall. Reiche, B. S., Stahl, G. K., Mendenhall, M. E., Oddou, G. R. (Eds.). (2016).Readings and cases in international human resource management. Taylor Francis. Sparrow, P., Brewster, C., Chung, C. (2016).Globalizing human resource management. Routledge. Taylor, T., Doherty, A., McGraw, P. (2015).Managing people in sport organizations: A strategic human resource management perspective. Routledge. Wilkinson, A., Gollan, P., Kalfa, S., Xu, C. (2015). Special issue of international journal of human resource management: Voices unheard?. Wilton, N. (2016).An introduction to human resource management. Sage.

Farm Life Essays - Construction, Landscape Architecture, Lawn Care

Farm Life Farm Life Isn't Easy! Life as a farmer was by no means easy. There were a lot of problems and strains, but it had its good points. The Homestead Act passed in 1862 by Congress gave 160 free acres of prairie land to anyone who would live on it for five years. A lot of farmers also bought land from the Railroad Company so they could be close to the transcontinental railroad tracks, which made transportation better. Though the land was free, the problems nearly outweighed the advantages. The first was housing, which gave people two options. One was the sod house. Strips of sod were plowed and chopped into blocks, then laid down to start the walls. It was layered up, with packing boxes used for doors and windows. The sod was good for insulation in the winter, but they leaked badly in the rain. The second type was the dugout home. They were built exactly as it sounds. A space was dug on a bank or into a hill. Then the opening was covered with a roof of sod. True, people were living underground, but it was good protection. Other problems in the farm life include raging fires on the prairie, hailstorms that pounded down with marble-sized stones, and plagues of grasshoppers. The other strains were emotional, the major one being loneliness. There were miles between families or signs of civilization, and there was no recreation. People became crabby and restless while staying indoors for months at a time in the winter. Very few families could handle this life and moved back east before the five-year period was up. Farm life took a turn for the better with the introduction of four new inventions. The first was barbed wire, which prevented livestock from wandering off and stray animals from wandering across crops. The next was the steel windmill. This brought water up from deep underground and helped to relieve water shortages. Third, the steel plow made possible the growth of larger quantities of crops. Then there was the reaper. It cut and threshed wheat so productivity was much higher. But with these increases in productivity came a higher dependency on banks and railroads. Overall, farm life was difficult. Those who could handle it were strong, both physically and in will. Few who tried it stuck with it. If you're considering this lifestyle, think long and hard whether it's worth it. NOTE: this paper was written like a newspaper article from the 1870's Bibliography Jordan, Winthrop; Greenblatt, Miriam; Bowes, John. The Americans: A History. 1994 McDougal, Little & Company, Illinois. pages 425-428.

Reality of Tularecito

Franklin looked into Tularecito's â€Å"mirror† and saw what Tularecito was. The Pastures views come from several directions. While one teacher sees Tularecito as a dog, needing to be trained, the other sees him as an idiot savant, needing only to be pushed into harmless fantasy. This leads a third view of Tularecito, one of a simple minded killer that needs to be locked up for his own good. Tularecito is viewed as less than human from the start. His name means "little frog", and his physical disabilities are seen by all, causing fear. As Steinbeck tells his story, it is obviously full of metaphors on the basic belief of our society that everything must be the same and reasonable at the same time. Tularecito should never have gone to school. He would have been happy living at home, simple as he was. In the end society takes Tularecito and makes him a monster. Since monsters are not allowed into human society, Tularecito goes looking for a different society that he does belong to, living with the gnomes. Unfortunately this society exists only in his mind, but to his mind it makes sense for he has no perception of reality to fantasy. He searches for a world of fantasy, and in his efforts, he creates a hole. â€Å"He studied the hold for a moment and then began to push dirt back into the whole with the side of his foot† (Steinbeck, 54). When this hole is covered up, it confirms Tularecito's belief in fantasy. There is only one problem with this. Tularecito believes that he created the hole and should n ot be destroyed. With school, work or his own fantasies, when something made by his sweat, his hand is destroyed he defends it the only way he knows how, through violence. â€Å"The fourth grade struggled out, seized erasers and begun to remove the animals to make room for their numbers. They has not make tow sweeps when Tularecito charged†¦.. Miss Martin aided by the whole school, could not hold him down.ï ¿ ½... Reality of Tularecito Free Essays on Fantasy/Reality of Tularecito Franklin looked into Tularecito's â€Å"mirror† and saw what Tularecito was. The Pastures views come from several directions. While one teacher sees Tularecito as a dog, needing to be trained, the other sees him as an idiot savant, needing only to be pushed into harmless fantasy. This leads a third view of Tularecito, one of a simple minded killer that needs to be locked up for his own good. Tularecito is viewed as less than human from the start. His name means "little frog", and his physical disabilities are seen by all, causing fear. As Steinbeck tells his story, it is obviously full of metaphors on the basic belief of our society that everything must be the same and reasonable at the same time. Tularecito should never have gone to school. He would have been happy living at home, simple as he was. In the end society takes Tularecito and makes him a monster. Since monsters are not allowed into human society, Tularecito goes looking for a different society that he does belong to, living with the gnomes. Unfortunately this society exists only in his mind, but to his mind it makes sense for he has no perception of reality to fantasy. He searches for a world of fantasy, and in his efforts, he creates a hole. â€Å"He studied the hold for a moment and then began to push dirt back into the whole with the side of his foot† (Steinbeck, 54). When this hole is covered up, it confirms Tularecito's belief in fantasy. There is only one problem with this. Tularecito believes that he created the hole and should n ot be destroyed. With school, work or his own fantasies, when something made by his sweat, his hand is destroyed he defends it the only way he knows how, through violence. â€Å"The fourth grade struggled out, seized erasers and begun to remove the animals to make room for their numbers. They has not make tow sweeps when Tularecito charged†¦.. Miss Martin aided by the whole school, could not hold him down.ï ¿ ½...

Can a variety of English ever be a truly neutral means of Essay - 1

Can a variety of English ever be a truly neutral means of communication Answer this question using material from an online academic journal article of your choice and at least two blocks of this module - Essay Example A number of customs, as well as criteria is being put together and shared among different cultures on a global level. Therefore, in many multilingual nations, English has turned out to be the language of communication since it has been a dominant language for a long period. A major strategy in opposing the threat to linguistic diversity triggered and instigated by the spread of English is the idea of linguistic rights. Therefore, it can be said that it was the British influence, authority, and industrial supremacy that directed English across the world between the seventeenth and the twentieth Era. The heritage of British imperialism has left numerous nations with the language comprehensively institutionalized in their court of law, assembly, civil service, faculties and higher learning institutions. In other regions, English offers a neutral way of communication amid diverse ethnic groups. According to the politics of English by Ann Hewings and Caroline Tagg, all language use can be said to be political in nature (HEWINGS, & TAGG, 2012: 13).Language cannot be said to be a neutral medium of communication, but it plays a major role during power relations negotiation. These involve relations of competition, conflict, as well as cooperation amid individuals and the community (HEWINGS, & TAGG, 2012: 13). Language is the main means through which power relations are reinforced and organized.Therefore, the management of diplomatic, social, as well as political relations employs languages. Politics can be about language regulation whereby regulations are employed according to what a person can say, and how well individuals can express themselves. Every language, within certain contexts as well as settings plays a major role in power relation. However, in the present day English has a global reach like no other language, owing to its history during colonialism, its multiple forms as well as varieties, its association with global

Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Business Plan - Essay Example The Competition 8 6.1 Key Competitors 8 6.2 Competitive Analysis: SWOT Analysis 8 7. Commercialisation Plan 10 7.1 Overall Business Strategies 10 7.2 Sales Strategy 10 7.3 Key Marketing Strategy 10 8. Management 11 8.1 The current team and their roles 11 9. Financial Projections 12 9.2 Sources of finance 12 9.3 Profit & Loss Statement 13 9.4 Cash Flow Statement 15 REFLECTIVE LEARNING: 16 Week 1 16 Week 2: 17 Week 3 18 Week 4 19 Week 5 19 Week 6 20 Week 7 21 Week 8 22 Week 9 23 Week 10 23 REFERENCES: 25 1. Executive Summary The aim of this business plan is to produce a comprehensive report on creating a football events committee that becomes a major attraction for all the football fans on the various campuses such as (Add names of the campuses), providing quality equipment as well as an unparalleled experience for the participants. The aim is to steadily build it into a business that will not only cater to the football fan base but will also incorporate other activities which might in terest our consumers into the sports events later on. Through the extensive research explained later during this report, it can be forecasted that this business will grow over time and help us generate a fan base of sports enthusiasts. The customer base of the business at the start will be the football fanatics at the school, and as the committee starts to gain popularity, the customer base will increase to include the basketball, tennis and all the other sports fans as well as a secondary target market, which will include the participants as well as the spectators who enjoy watching sports. This segmentation has been formed after conducting a market research by the use of questionnaires. By gaining sponsorship from various interested organizations to provide financial backing as well as collaborating with Action for Southern Africa (ACTSA), the events will be marketed creatively to provide the business’s customers with a complete package which gives them value for money. 2. Objectives For Year 1, the objectives include creating introductory awareness of the football club by putting up posters at various strategic as well as relevant locations where they can be made accessible to the target audience. Also, recognition can also be generated by word of mouth, or the favourable opinion by the customers of the business. This could be through Facebook could prove to be a vital tool in this regard as it can help spread out the word to the target market; that cannot be reached otherwise by employing the other market tactics (Muske, Stanforth and Woods, 2010). According to the forecasts made, which will be mentioned in the financial part, the sales projections of the ACTSA wrist bands as well as badges is estimated to be 25 each, whereas participants per events is proposed to be 80, leaving the business with a minimum total revenue of ?300 per event. The profit per event is estimated to be ? 300. The request for sponsoring the sports events has been responded b y Student union as well as Aqua Burst so far. By Year 2, the football club is likely to be substantially established through the employment of the advertising techniques mentioned above. A website could now be created in order to gain popularity as well as to give vital information about the business to the customers. Again, according to the forecasts made in the financial part of the business plan, we can estimate that the sales of the ACTSA wrist bands as well as the badges are projected to reach 200 each, while the participants per event will increase to around 150 per event. The total revenue per event will increase to a minimum of ?1000, while the profit generated per event is expected to be ?600. The sponsors likely to endorse the football club

Effect of Public Place for Urban Poor’s Benefit in Kind

Effect of Public Place for Urban Poor’s Benefit in Kind Introduction The development of cities was marked by the amount of people living in them. The demand of descent infrastructure services was fulfilled with the construction of infrastructure that fulfills the needs of low, middle and upper class people in the society. Nevertheless, the phenomenon that happened in Indonesia cities is with the construction of large scale infrastructures, there are more poor people living near them. With the rapid growth of city development, poverty is globally moving into the cities. Few conditions that caused by poverty are: people who don’t have a sustainable access, created slum area; almost everyday, cities are filled with vagrants and beggars; a large gap in education and health services between the rich and the poor; the formation of slum area caused by the population growth from the rapid flow of urbanization or migration. Until 2010, there are dozens of public infrastructures like health, education, trade and open space facilities gave attractions and opportunities for poor people multiplier effects. According to Jung et al (Jung, S et al, 2009), government expenditures for public facilities was purposed to eradicate poverty level in cities. However, the development of public facilities as one of city attractions can cause the migration of poor people to the cities. Globalisation, migration and social exclusion are often the keywords employed to explain this process of spatial concentration of especially long-term unemployed and immigrant and ethnic minority communities. The availability of public facilities as an attraction factor for poor people activities are analyzed using Geoda to identify spatial effect (Anselin, et al, 2004). Poverty in the City According to the World Bank Institute (2005), poverty is a lack of well-being where the poor can be defined as someone who does not have enough income or minimum adequate consumption levels. Poverty can be defined based on the monetary value, the type of consumption, housing, or the poor health. The macro approach on poverty and well-being focused on individuals ability to function in society, such as income, education, health, powerlessness, and lack of freedom in politics. According to Vincen (Vincen, 2009), poverty is a multidimensional problem that goes beyond economic issues as it relates to social, political, and cultural. Poverty is a form of human conflicts resulting from reactions due to lack of basic needs, biological, and psychological. Characteristics of urban poverty can be reviewed based on three-dimensional indicators of poverty. Based on the national poverty reduction strategy by Bappenas (2004), the three-dimensional nature of poverty can be use to measured in-kind benefits such as: Income. Income are affected by poor peoples livelihood that has shortcomings in terms of skill and willingness resulting non-permanent work. Most of the income derived from employment in the informal sector, because the formal sector is not able to absorb low-skilled labor. Other occupations carried out by the urban poor are high risk occupations where there are no guarantees of sustainability. The impacts derived from the low income are problems in the ownership of land and basic services. Education. The urban poor have limited access to educational services caused by the gap of education costs, limited educational facilities, cost of education, limited access to education; high education costs both direct and indirect costs (Bappenas, 2004). The impact of these problems are the poor people are not able to get a steady job, lack of constructive activities to improve the skills of young people of school age, and gender inequalities. Health. Poor people who work in the informal sector are at risk of having a low income. This causes an inability to reach basic services such as decent housing. The urban poor are dominated by people who do not have a chance urbanization decent tenure thus creating a slum area. The physical condition of housing and income limitations will lead to low purchasing power for accessing health and preserving the environment. Infrastructure Services Utoro (Utoro, 2006) suggested that services embody the organization of to the community as the fulfillment of needs and interests. Public services fulfill primary need which includes service levels, patterns of distribution, outreach, and the tendency of the level of need. Most of the infrastructure can be regarded as a public facility, the facilities provided by the government or private managed in order to meet the needs of the community are typically in the form of roads, bridges, buildings, open spaces, and so on. Social activities and economic activities characterize the development of a city. One indicator of the dynamic development of the city can be seen from the economic conditions of the city (urban economic). In general, the characteristics of urban development can be determined by the capacity of infrastructure and facilities in a city. That condition indicates that the infrastructure and facilities are very vital part in the development of a city. Infrastructure is a key foundation in social and economic activities. According to Dardak (Dardak, 2008), infrastructure services are part of the public sector to enable private sector and household consumption activities. The dynamics of the economy of a city is determined by how much the efficiency of the use of space or land-use patterns for the activity of the economic infrastructure in the city. The economic development of the city will be determined by the dynamics of trading systems that exist in the city and also in the surrounding area. Klojen District Klojen District located in Malang urban center area has the most complete public facilities services and the most densed population in Malang urban area. According to Klojen District Detailed Plan year 2010-2030, Klojen District is planned as the center for regional service for Malang city. Klojen District functioned as the center for education, trade, public service and public administration. According to Malang Statistic Biro (BPS) data year 2011, there are 10.328 poor household living in Klojen District. Methods To identify whether there are neighbouring spatial effect between benefit in kind for the poor in public space and public space services using Geoda, the Klojen District is divided into 37 blocks as analysis unit, using physical boundary (road and river), administration boundary and the distribution of public space. The public space characteristics used in this research are: accesibility, service level, capacity, sidewalk availability, sidewalk pavement, parking availability, open space availability, lighting, security, visitor and activities. Whilst public space benefit in kind for the poor are divided into economic, education and health benefits. Collecting data is used questionnaires to obtain information from the respondents and field observations to obtain data of infrastructure services. The multiple spatial regression is used to create a model of relationship of infrastructure services and benefit in kind the poor. In this research, Geographic Information System (GIS) by ArcMap is used as basic data to analisys in spatial statistic program. Using computer program known as GeoDa, spatial autocorrelation, Moran’s I values, and spatial regression for each variable was able to be calculated. The results of the analysis presented in following: Spatial weights, which describes the relationship between the neighborhood polygons with another polygon. In this analysis will note the number of blocks that are affected and will be included in the model equations; Formula spatial model with the multiple regression model as follows Y1= A.W+ B + a.X1 + b. X2 + c.X3 + d.X4 + e.X5 + f. X6 + ..+k.X27(1) Y2= A.W+ B + a.X1 + b. X2 + c.X3 + d.X4 + e.X5 + f. X6 + ..+k.X27(2) Y3= A.W+ B + a.X1 + b. X2 + c.X3 + d.X4 + e.X5 + f. X6 + ..+k.X27(3) Y1: Economic Benefit (Rp) Y2: Education Benefit (Rp) Y3: Health Benefit (Rp) A: Lambda W: Spatial Weight B: Constants a-k: Variabel Coeffisient X1-11: Independent Variables Spatial multiple regression analysis performed spatial weight and the value of Lagrange Multiplier (LM) Lag and Lagrange Multiplier (LM). The spatial model based on the results of statistical tests that showed the significant value and also it can be seen by the largest value of determinant coefficient (R2). Table 1. Blocks code in Klojen, Malang No Sub District Block code No Sub District Block code 1 Rampal Celaket 65111-1 20 Kasin 65117-2 2 Klojen 65111-2 21 Kasin 65117-3 3 Klojen 65111-3 22 Kasin 65117-4 4 Klojen 65111-4 23 Sukoharjo 65118-1 5 Klojen 65111-5 24 Sukoharjo 65118-2 6 Klojen 65111-6 25 Sukoharjo 65118-3 7 Samaan 65112-1 26 Sukoharjo 65118-4 8 Samaan 65112-2 27 Sukoharjo 65118-5 9 Samaan 65112-3 28 Kauman 65119-1 10 Penanggungan 65113-1 29 Kauman 65119-2 11 Penanggungan 65113-2 30 Kauman 65119-3 12 Gadingkasri 65115-1 31 Kauman 65119-4 13 Gadingkasri 65115-2 32 Oro-Oro Dowo 65119-5 14 Gadingkasri 65115-3 33 Oro-Oro Dowo 65119-6 15 Gadingkasri 65115-4 34 Oro-Oro Dowo 65119-7 16 Bareng 65116-1 35 Kiduldalem 65119-8 17 Bareng 65116-2 36 Kiduldalem 65119-9 18 Bareng 65116-3 37 Kiduldalem 65119-10 19 Kasin 65117-1 Benefit in Kind According to Suwandi (Suwandi, 2004), the poor in urban and rural areas should be able to obtain basic services consisting of economic, educational, and health. Economic benefits, the amount of the benefit that is obtained directly from the income received each month by the community so that it can be used as a savings or investment. Benefits of Education. In the economic benefit, education can be used as one of the indirect benefits received. Educational benefits are the amount of rupiahs set aside for educational purposes such as schools, courses, equipment purchases, and so on. Health Benefits. In addition to education, health can be used as one of the indirect benefits received. Health benefits are the amount of rupiahs set aside for health reasons such as health insurance, the benefit of treatment, and so on. Value of benefit in kind and infrastructure variables in each block is represented by highest value, lowest value, and average value. The minimum and maximum value show the benefit from services that in each blocks, while the average value is the general description of services provided by the blocks. Results Accessibility Accessibility is measured by distance (in meters) between the poor settlements and public facility. A maximum accessibility value à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹is 22.000 meters, while the minimum value is 50 m. This phenomenon suggests that there were a lot of different accessibility characteristics. Poor peoples that worked in the infrastructure services are not only lived in Klojen, but also have been coming from outside of Malang. Level of infrastructure Level of infrastructure is measured by scale of services. Hierarchy of infrastructure level is divided into three levels (districts, cities, and regional). Maximum value of infrastructure level is located in block 65112-2 because there are facilities which serve districts, cities, and regional scale. Capacity of facilities Capacity of facility is measured by area (in square meter) where the activity of poor people conducted in each blcoks. The maximum capacity or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹the largest facilities is 29,100 m2, while the minimum value of the variable is 300 m2. Capacity of facilities Capacity of facility is measured by area (in meter square) where the activity of poor people happened for each blocks. The maximum capacity or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹the largest facilities is 29,100 m2, while the minimum value of the variable is 300 m2. Pavementt Pavement is measured by the types of pavement of the pedestrian way where the activity of poor people conducted in each block. Pavement variable are divided into 4 types: cement, paving, soil, and without pedestrian way. The highest score is located in block 65117-2 where there are full of cement pedestrian way that supports and facilitates people activities. Open space area Open space area is measured by the area (in square meter) of open space where the activity of poor people happened for each block. Maximum value is 2500 m2 and it’s located in 65119-8, while the minimum value is located in blocks without open space facilities. Number of lighting Lighting is measured by the number of lighting facilities where the activity of poor people conducted in each block. The maximum value of variable is 24 lightings and located in block 65111-1 and 65111-4. The minimum value is located in blocks without lighting facilities. Number of security Security variable is measured by the number of security posts where the activity of poor people conducted in each block. A maximum value à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹is 6 security posts, while the minimum values are located in block without security facilities. Number of Visitor Visitor is measured by the number of visitors per day to the facility where the activity of poor people conducted in each block. Maximum value of this variable is 5,000 visitors per day, while the minimum value of the variable is 25 visitors per day. The number of visitors is related to the infrastructure scale. The economic benefits The economic benefits are measured by the value of income (in rupiahs) that was earned every month because of the poor’s working activities in infrastructure services in each block. A maximum economic benefit is Rp12.000.000 per month and it is located in 65119-5, while the minimum value is Rp300.000 per month. Educational benefits Educational benefits are measured by the value of income which can be saved to education purpose (in rupiahs) that was collected every month because of the poor’s working activities in infrastructure services in each block. Maximumt educational is Rp 1.500.000 per month, while the minimum value is Rp 0. Health Benefits Health benefits are measured by the value of income which can be saved to health purpose (in rupiahs) that was earned every month because of working activities in infrastructure services in each block. Maximum value of the health benefits is Rp500.000 per month, while the minimum value is only Rp3000 per month. Spatial autocorrelation is the correlation of a variable to itself through space. This means that spatial autocorrelation quantifies everything are related to everything else, but nearer things are more related than distant things. By investigating spatial autocorrelation, it is possible to test the strength of spatial autocorrelation throughout a map. Meanwhile, Moran’s I is the statistical standard for determining spatial autocorrelation. The strength of autocorrelation is based on a range from -1 to 1. As the resulting product of the Moran’s I calculation approaches 1, the stronger the spatial correlation. Based on the analysis, Moran’s I value of 0.2782, 0.2397 and 0.1152 for all dependent variables, the amount of spatial autocorrelation is minimal. This suggests that where economic, education, and health benefits are located is a function of randomness. Meanwhile, benefits value in the nearest neighbouring blocks is not much affect the high value of benefits in each block. Using Geoda spatial regression, Moran’s I test and Local Indicator Spatial Autocorrelation (LISA), obtained neighbouring spatial correlation model between urban public space characteristics with benefit in kind for urban poor. Table 1 Benefit in Kind Spatial Regression Model Spatial Regression Model Y1 = 1435434+ 0,2837605.W + 483262,9.X10 + 167479,6.X18 Y2 = -2600942 – 0,3221031.W + 20,94021.X1 + 15,33539.X5 + 3581828.X10 + 158529.X11 + 145914,6.X18+ 212624,8.X19 – 304595,4.X20– 368676,7.X21 + 654824,5.X23 Y3 = 22567,75 + 0,1570038.W + 2026,002.X14 + 385,74.X15 + 51283,1.X18 +69346,33.X19 99900,86.X20 + 230,9778.X24 +248,4346.X25 Y1 : Maximum Economic Benefit Y2: Maximum Education Benefit Y3: Maximum Health Benefit W: Spatial Weight (Neighbouring effect) X1: Maximum Accesibility X5: Maximum Capacity X10: Average Sidewalk Width X11: Sidewalk pavement X14: Average Parking Space X15: Maximum Open Space X18: Maximum Lighting X19: Minimum Lighting X20: Average Lighting X21: Maximum Security Post X23: Average Security Post X24: Maximum Visit X25: Minimum Visit Conclusion Cluster Map of Local Indicator Spatial Autocorrelation (LISA) shows that the value of each benefit in kinds is not concentrated in a particular region based on the autocorrelation value. This suggests that economic, education, and health benefits are located is a random function. Whereas, benefits value in the nearest neighbour block is not much affecting the high value of benefits in block. Implicitly, the models suggests that the poor act rationally in determining the location of work based of infrastructure services that provide advantages more than the groups of nearest infrastructure in neighboring blocks. Bibliography Anselin, et al. 2004. Geoda: An Introduction to Spatial Data Analysis. USA: Urbana Champaign Badan Pusat Statistik.2012. Perkembangan Beberapa Indikator Utama Sosial-Ekonomi Indonesia. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia Bappenas.2004. Strategi Nasional Penanggulangan Kemiskinan Bab II. Jakarta: Bappenas Dardak, H. 2008. Pembangunan Infrastruktur secara Terpadu dan Berkelanjutan Berbasis Penataan Ruang. Direktorat Jendral Penataan Ruang Jung, S et al. 2009. Public Expenditure and Poverty Reduction in Southern United States. Presented at the Southern Agriculture Economics Association Annual Meeting, Atlanta January 31-February Suwandi. 2004. Perencanaan dan Strategi Penanggulangan Kemiskinan di Daerah.Jakarta: SMERU Utoro, R.I. 2006. Kajian Optimalisasi dan Tingkat Pelayanan Sarana Dasar di Kota Kecamatan Jalancagak-Subang. Tesis Dipublikasikan. Semarang: Universitas Diponegoro. Vincen, B. 2009. The Relationship between Poverty, Conflict, and Development. Journal of Sustainable Development. 2(1): 15-28 World Bank Institute. 2005. Introduction to Poverty Analysis: Poverty Manual.

Essay --

A provisional title Making the State, War and Enemies in Israel/Palestine, 1948 Hypothesis The labeling of indigenous communities as dangerous enemies is not a static expression of a belief, but an ongoing communicative process within the settler society. I am predicting that as each of the hypothesized technologies mentioned below developed, the dissemination of critical counter-categorizations declined. H1) Expulsions were carried out by specialized armed units in a routine fashion soldiers critique declined as the war progressed H2) the absorption of competing militias within the Israeli Defense Force (IDF) as a newly formed national army lessened reciprocal criticism of the treatment of the Palestinians; press editorials of the main militias criticized each other’s treatment of the Palestinian communities, decreased as the war went on H3) it became easier to shield the army’s actions from scrutiny as fighting spread away from the bigger cities critical reports by non-army affiliated civilians decreased as the fighting spread wider H4) the political leadership minimized their resistance to covert decision-making within the security establishment as the war continued, there was a decrease in criticism of the decision making process that led to the expulsions. The main aim of my PhD research This research investigates the dynamics within settler colonial societies that reproduce struggles with indigenous populations. Specifically, I ask how the formation of the colonial settler state enables the pernicious labeling of colonised communities during periods of conflict. The case is the War of 1948, during which some 80% of the Palestinian population was expelled from the area that became the State of Israel. For this to happen, P... ...rch There are many resources that I am planning to use for my studies: Cohen, Hillel. 2008. Army of Shadows: Palestinian Collaboration with Zionism. Ehrlich, Avishai. 1987. â€Å"Israel: Conflict, War and Social Change† Esber, Rosemary M. 2009. Under the Cover of War: The Zionist Expulsion of the Palestinians. Flapan, Simha. 1987. The Birth of Israel: Myths and Realities. Halbrook, Stephen. 1972. "The Class Origins of Zionist Ideology" Masalha, Nur. 1997. A Land without a People: Israel, Transfer and the Palestinians McClintock, Anne. 1995. Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Imperial Contest. Ram, Uri. 1995. The Changing Agenda of Israeli Sociology: Theory, Ideology, and Identity. Zureik, Elia T.1979. The Palestinians in Israel: a Study in Internal Colonialism. More books and researches by Tom Pesah and Illan Pape are also sources to my studies. Essay -- A provisional title Making the State, War and Enemies in Israel/Palestine, 1948 Hypothesis The labeling of indigenous communities as dangerous enemies is not a static expression of a belief, but an ongoing communicative process within the settler society. I am predicting that as each of the hypothesized technologies mentioned below developed, the dissemination of critical counter-categorizations declined. H1) Expulsions were carried out by specialized armed units in a routine fashion soldiers critique declined as the war progressed H2) the absorption of competing militias within the Israeli Defense Force (IDF) as a newly formed national army lessened reciprocal criticism of the treatment of the Palestinians; press editorials of the main militias criticized each other’s treatment of the Palestinian communities, decreased as the war went on H3) it became easier to shield the army’s actions from scrutiny as fighting spread away from the bigger cities critical reports by non-army affiliated civilians decreased as the fighting spread wider H4) the political leadership minimized their resistance to covert decision-making within the security establishment as the war continued, there was a decrease in criticism of the decision making process that led to the expulsions. The main aim of my PhD research This research investigates the dynamics within settler colonial societies that reproduce struggles with indigenous populations. Specifically, I ask how the formation of the colonial settler state enables the pernicious labeling of colonised communities during periods of conflict. The case is the War of 1948, during which some 80% of the Palestinian population was expelled from the area that became the State of Israel. For this to happen, P... ...rch There are many resources that I am planning to use for my studies: Cohen, Hillel. 2008. Army of Shadows: Palestinian Collaboration with Zionism. Ehrlich, Avishai. 1987. â€Å"Israel: Conflict, War and Social Change† Esber, Rosemary M. 2009. Under the Cover of War: The Zionist Expulsion of the Palestinians. Flapan, Simha. 1987. The Birth of Israel: Myths and Realities. Halbrook, Stephen. 1972. "The Class Origins of Zionist Ideology" Masalha, Nur. 1997. A Land without a People: Israel, Transfer and the Palestinians McClintock, Anne. 1995. Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Imperial Contest. Ram, Uri. 1995. The Changing Agenda of Israeli Sociology: Theory, Ideology, and Identity. Zureik, Elia T.1979. The Palestinians in Israel: a Study in Internal Colonialism. More books and researches by Tom Pesah and Illan Pape are also sources to my studies.

Myth Study Guide

CLT3378 Exam 1 Dr. Branscome Section 4 http://quizlet. com/14533032/clt3378-flash-cards/ Above is a link to a useful, flash card, study tool to help master these terms. * Hero: Figures in whom the gods take a special interest. An example of a hero in Greek culture is Hercules. * Trickster: Tricksters are amoral, shape-shifting deceivers in mythology. An example in the Babylonian Enuma Elish is the god Ea. * Polytheism: The belief and acknowledgement of many gods. Polytheistic cultures include the Greeks, Canaanites and Babylonians. Anthropomorphism: Conception of gods â€Å"in shape of human beings,† have features of humans and act like humans. An example of this is Baal in the Canaanite Baal Cycle. * Binaturalism: Conception of gods with as having â€Å"two natures. † An example of binaturalism is the Babylonian Tiamat, who is both a god and a thing (sea). * Syncretism: Adaptation of one culture's mythic beliefs by another culture. An example is the Sumerian Inanna is the same as the Akkadian Ishtar. * Sphere of Influence: Areas with which gods are associated/have power. For example the Greek god Zeus is the god of rain, lightning, kingship, hospitality. Primordial Waters: Waters that exist at beginning of or even before creation. In many creation myths. Usually precede the sea and other large bodies of water * Ancient Near East: The area encompassing Mesopotamia, Canaan, Israel, Anatolia and Egypt in which many myths were adopted such as the Babylonian Enuma Elish. The Ancient Near East does not include Ancient Greece. * Mesopotamia: Mesopotamia is known as the land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Cultures such as the Babylonians resided there and assembled the creation myth, the Enuma Elish. * Sumerians: The Sumerians were the first people to inhabit Mesopotamia.They are considered the first human civilization and influenced the Akkadians. * Akkadians: The Akkadians were a culture in Mesopotamia. They overtook the Sumerians and adopted their spoken language. * Babylonians: The Babylonians were a culture in Mesopotamia. They created the myth the Enuma Elish and spoke a dialect of the Akkadian language. * Enuma Elish: A Babylonian Myth was written about 2000 BCE. This myth is a creation myth and succession myth that involves a great battle between the storm god Marduk and Tiamat, the god of the seas. * Marduk: The storm god in the Babylonian Enuma Elish.He is the son of Ea and Damkina, is crowned king of the gods and defeats Tiamat, creating the heavens and the earth. * cuneiform: Cuneiform is a type of script writing on tablets commonly used by ancient cultures such as the Babylonians. The myth the Enuma Elish was written by the Babylonians in cuneiform. * Apsu: Apsu is the binatural, Babyloninan god of freshwater who is the husband of Tiamat. Apsu is killed in the Enuma Elish by Ea. * Tiamat: Tiamat, the wife of Apsu, is the binatural, Babylonian god of the seas. In the Enuma Elish, Tiamat battles the storm god M arduk and loses. Lahmu: Lahmu is the son of the gods Tiamat and Apsu. In the Babylonian Enuma Elish, Lahmu is described as being formed from the mingling waters of Apsu and Tiamat. * Lahamu: Lahamu is the daughter of the gods Apsu and Tiamat. In the Babylonian Enuma Elish, Lahmu is described as being formed from the mingling waters of Apsu and Tiamat. * Anshar: Anshar is the Babylonian sky god. In the Enuma Elish, he is the son of Lahmu and Lahamu. * Kishar: Kishar is the Babylonian earth goddess. In the Enuma Elish, she is the daughter of Lahmu and Lahmu. * Anu: Anu is the son of both Anshar and Kishar.In the Babylonian Enuma Elish, Anu gives Marduk the four winds to defeat Tiamat. * Ea/Enki/Nuddimud: Ea is the Babylonian trickster god who is the father of Marduk. In the Enuma Elish, Ea discovers Apsu's plot to wage war against the gods and Ea kills him. * Mummu: Mummu is a vizier in the Babylonian Enuma Elish. In this myth, Mummu gives Apsu the go ahead to kill the gods and is cap tured by Ea once he discovers Mummu's plot. * Damkina: In the Babylonian Enuma Elish, Damkina is the mother of Marduk. She is the consort of Ea. * Qingu/Kingu: Qingu is the leader of Tiamat's army of eleven monsters in the Babylonian Enuma Elish.Tiamat also gives Qingu the Tablet of Destinies. * Tablet of Destinies: The Tablet of Destinies is given to Qingu in the Babylonian Enuma Elish. Marduk kills Tiamat and her army and reclaims the Tablet of Destinies. * Semitic: Semitic is a Mesopotamian culture that speaks a language similar to the language Hebrew. The Akkadians spoke this language. * Amorites: Amorites are a people that overthrew the Sumerians in Mesopotamia in 1900 BCE. They spoke a dialect of Akkadian. * Babylon: Babylon is the established capital city of Mesopotamia when controlled by the Amorites.People that lived in the capital city of Babylon were known as Babylonians and they are attributed for adopting the Enuma Elish. * ziggurat: Ziggurat is the temple in which gods were worshiped in Mesopotamia. Each city-state had its own patron god, and that god was worshipped in a ziggurat. * Akitu: Akitu is also known as the Babylonian New Year Festival. This festival honored Marduk as the King of the gods in the city of Babylon. * Baal Cycle: The Baal Cycle is a group of poems that surround the Canaanite god Baal. These myths involve Baal's battle with Yam, Baal's battle with Mot, and the dilemma surrounding his palace. Ugarit: Ugarit was a coastal trading city which was prosperous around 1400 BCE. This city is where thousands of clay tablets were found, including the Canaanite Baal Cycle * Canaan: Canaan is the region in which Ugarit was located. In this region, the Baal Cycle was adopted. * Canaanite: Canaanites are the people who lived in the region of Canaan. They were one of the first cultures to use an alphabetic writing system instead of a cuneiform system. * El: El is the father of the gods in Canaanite mythology. In the Baal Cycle, El agrees to give up Baal's hiding place to Yam so they could battle. Baal: Baal is the storm god mentioned in the Canaanite Baal Cycle. He uses two clubs to defeat Yam and become known as â€Å"Baal the Conqueror. † * Hadad: Hadad is another name for the storm god Baal. In Caananite culture, Hadad means â€Å"thunderer. † * Dagon: Dagon is the father of Baal in the Baal Cycle. He is the god of grain. * Zaphon: Zaphon is the sacred mountain that belongs to Baal. In the Canaanite Baal Cycle, Baal's palace is constructed here. * Asherah: In Canaanite mythology, Asherah is the wife of the god El. She is known as the Mother of the Gods. * Anat: In Canaanite myhtology, Anat is the sister of Baal.She is the bloodthirsty goddess of war and hunting who slaughters Yams warriors in the Baal Cycle. * Kothar-wa-Hasis: In Canaanite mythology, Kothar is a craftsman god. In the Baal Cycle, he creates the clubs Baal uses to defeat Yam and Baal's house out of cedar. * Shapash: Shapash is the sun go ddess in Canaanite mythology. In the Baal Cycle, she advises Baal to create a substitute that Mot will kill instead of Baal himself. * Attanu-Purlianni: Attanu-Purlianni is the name of the chief priest of the temple of Baal. The Ugaritic text the Baal Cycle was found in his library. Ilimiku: Ilimiku is the scribe who lived in Canaan. Ilimiku is the scribe who wrote down the Baal Cycle. * Niqmaddu II: Niqmaddu II was the king of Ugarit around 1375-1345 BCE. He was the king of Ugarit when the Baal Cycle was written. * Yam: Yam is the god of the seas in Canaanite culture. In the Canaanite Baal Cycle, Yam is defeated by the storm god Baal. * Mot: Mot is Death in  Canaanite mythology. He battles Baal in the Baal Cycle. * Ras Shamara: Ras Shamara is the modern name for the ancient city of Ugarit. Excavations of Ras Shamara gave light to Ugaritic culture, including the Baal Cycle. Hittites: The Hittites are an Indo-European people who ruled from 1700 to 1200BCE. Their mythology included over 600 gods and created the Kumarbi Cycle. * Hattians: The Hattians are a pre-Hittite people who resided in Anatolia. They were taken over by the Hittites and adopted a lot of their culture and syncretized some of their gods. * Hurrians: The Hurrians were a people who resided in northern, modern-day Syria who had an empire named Mittani. They were overtaken by the Hittites and syncretized some of their gods. * Hattusas: Hattusas is the capital of the Hittite empire.This city is where the Illuyanka Myths were found written on cuneiform tablets. * Hattian Storm God: The Hattian Storm god has no name and was the chief god of the Hittites. In version 1 of the Illuyanka Myths, the storm god defeats Illyanka when she is drunk and tied up. * Illuyanka: Illuyanka is the serpentine dragon in the Hattian Iluyanka Myths. In the first version, Illuyanka is killed by the storm god himself, whereas in the second version, Illuyanka is killed by the storm god’s son. * Purulli Festival: The Purulli Festival is the festival celebrating the arrival of spring by the Hattians.The Illuyanka Myths are associated with the Purulli Festival. * Inara: Inara is the daughter of the storm god in Hattian mythology. In the first version of the Illuyanka myths, Inara creates a feast for Illuyanka, and tricks the serpent into getting slain. * Hupasiya: Hupasiya is a mortal man who agrees to help Inara in the first version of the Hattian Illuyanka myths. In the myth, he ties up Illuyanka when she is extremely drunk and as a reward gets to sleep with Inara. * Kumarbi Cycle: The Kumarbi Cycle is considered a Hurrian literary work but is written in Hittite. These poems describe the Hurrian god of the Underworld, Kumarbi. Kumarbi: Kumarbi is the Hurrian god of the underworld. In the Hurrian Song of Kumarbi, he overthrows Anu and swallows his genitals, becoming pregnant with gods. * Alalu: Alalu is the king of the gods in Hurrian mythology and is the father of Kumarbi. In the Song of Kumarb i, he is dethroned by Anu. * Tessub: Tessub is the sky god in Hurrian mythology. In the Song of Ullikummi, Tessub battles Ullikummi. * Song of Kumarbi: The Song of Kumarbi is a succession myth in Hurrian mythology. In this myth, Kumarbi is ultimately overthrown by Tessub. * Song of Ullikummi: The song of Ullikummi is a succession myth in Hurrian mythology.In this myth, Kumarbi attempts to overthrow Tessub by impregnating a three mile rock with a child named Ullikummi to storm the heavens. * Ullikummi: Ullikummi is the child of Kumarbi and a stone in the Hurrian Song of Ullikummi. In this myth, Ishtanu spots Ulikummi growing and tells Tessub of the plot; a battle ensues and Ullikummi is defeated by Tessub. * Istanu: Ishtanu is the sun god in Hurrian mythology. In the Song of Ullikummi, Ishtanu discovers Ullikummi growing and warns Tessub about the threat. * Ubelurri: Ubelurri is the supporter of the sky in Hurrian mythology, similar to Atlas’ role in Greek Mythology.In the Hur rian Song of the Ulikummi, Ea goes to Ubelurri and cuts off Ulikummi with a cutting tool, removing Ulikummi from his hiding place * Musilis I: Musilis I is the Hittite king who was in charge of the raid of Babylon. This most likely resulted in the syncretism of the trickster god Ea in many Hittian myths. * Hattusilis I: Hattusilis I is the father of Musilis I. He was the king who founded the Hittian Empire in Anatolia. * Indo-European: The language of the Hittites which most likely originated in central Europe. This language is the ancestor to most modern day European languages. Mitanni: Mitanni is the capital of the Hurrian Empire north of Mesopotamia. Mittani is a cultural icon of the Hurrians which influence a lot of Hittite cultures. * Genesis: Genesis is the first book of the Torah and Bible which outlines two creation myths and a flood myth. This Israelite book is written in mostly prose which is drastically different than other myths of the time such as the Enuma Elish and th e Baal Cycle. * Israelites/Hebrews: The Israelites are a culture who resided in Canaan and were monotheistic. They are responsible for constructing the book of Genesis. ‘elohim: ‘Elohim is the title of the Israelite god in Genesis. This name is similar to the Canaanite ‘el but is a title rather than a name. * Yahweh: Yahweh is the name of the Hebrew God. Yahweh is a name given to call God in the Hebrew Book of Genesis. * ‘adonay: ‘Adonay means lord and is the newer name people used to describe god after 538 BCE. This is because people believed that Yahweh was too holy for humans to speak. * monolatry: Monolatry is the acknowledgement that there are many gods; however, only one is worshipped. This was the view of the Hebrew culture. * monotheism: Monotheism is the belief that there is only one god.This is the view of Hebrews after the Babylonian Exile in 536 BCE. * Leviathan: Leviathan is the sea creature that symbolizes evil in the Hebrew culture. In Ge nesis, Yahweh defeats the Leviathan, similar to Marduk defeating Tiamat. * Rahab: Rahab is another name for the sea serpent that Yahweh defeats. In Israelite mythology, the battle between Rahab and Yahweh is symbolism for the battle between order and chaos. * bereshith: Bereshith is the Hebrew word meaning â€Å"in the beginning. † This name is a description of chapter 1 of Genesis because it describes the Israelite myth of creation. JEDP Theory: The JEDP theory is the modern theory describing the Hebrew Torah, which contains Genesis. The theory explains that there are many discrepancies because the author was compiling several stories into one which means there are four distinct authors to the Torah. * shemesh: Shemesh is Hebrew word meaning Sun. This word is used in Genesis to distinguish it from other cultures around the same time such as the Ugaritic sun god â€Å"Shapash,† because the author of Genesis didn’t want to create the impression that Yahweh was cr eating a binatural god. * yareah: Yareah is the Hebrew word meaning Moon.This word is used in Genesis to distinguish it from other cultures around the same time such as the Ugaritic moon god â€Å"Yarikh,† because the author of Genesis didn’t want to create the impression that Yahweh was creating a binatural god. * tehom: Tehom is the Hebrew word meaning deep in Genesis. This word is used to refer to the primordial waters which are associated with chaos and disorder. * cosmocentric: Cosmocentric is used to refer that the creation of both the heavens and earth are created before humans. This idea is used in the first Hebrew creation myth in Genesis, Chapter 1. geocentric: Geocentric is a term used to refer to the creation of the earth, sea and plants. A geocentric creation is mentioned in the first creation myth of the Hebrew Genesis, which occurs on the third day. * anthropocentric: Anthropocentric is a term used to refer to creation of humans being the most important, followed by the Earth and other aspects. This concept is featured in the second creation myth of the Hebew Genesis. * Tree of Knowledge: The Tree of Knowledge is what the serpent in the second creation myth of the Hebrew Genesis lures the man and woman too.The serpent, a trickster, promises the man and woman that eating from the Tree of Knowledge will make them God-like. * Tree of Life: The Tree of Life represents immortality in the Hebrew Genesis. Yahweh warns Adam and Eve to not eat from the Tree of Knowledge; when they disobey, he bans them from the garden so as to prevent them from eating of the Tree of Life and gain immortality. * ‘itsavon: ‘Itsavon is the Hebrew word meaning pain and toil. This word is mentioned in the second creation myth of the Hebrew Genesis to refer to the punishment that Yahweh bestows upon Adam and Eve for eating from the Tree of Knowledge.For women, it means pain during childbirth and for men it means toiling in the soil. * ‘adam: â⠂¬ËœAdam is the Hebrew word meaning â€Å"man. † This word is used as a pun on the word ‘adamah in Genesis because ‘adamah means clay and the first man is made from clay. * ‘adamah: ‘Adamah is the Hebrew word meaning clay. This word is used as a pun on the word ‘adam in Genesis because ‘adam means man and clay is used to create the first man. * Adam: Adam is the name given to the first created man in the second creation myth of the Hebrew Genesis. Adam is very obedient to Yahweh, but disobeys him when he accepts fruit from the Tree of Knowledge from Eve. Eve: Eve is the name given to the first created woman in the second creation myth of the Hebrew Genesis. Eve is tricked by the serpent into eating from the Tree of Knowledge and is punished by Yahweh. * Tanakh: Tanakh is the word given to describe the Jewish Bible. The first book of the Tanakh is the book of Genesis which outlines creation. * Israelite: An Israelite is an inhabitant of the ancient kingdom of Israel. Israelites were the first believers in monotheism and authored the book of Genesis. * Solomon: Solomon is the son of David, whose reign marks the high point of political power of Ancient Israel.Solomon built a temple in Jerusalem to worship the one, Hebrew, god: Yahweh. * Babylonian Exile: The Babylonian exile is when the Babylonians destroyed Jerusalem in 586 BCE and deported the Israelites to Babylon. This exile marked the point in which the Israelites shifted from monolatry to monotheism. * Cyrus the Great: Cyrus the Great is Persian conqueror of Babylon in 538. He allowed the Israelites to return to their homeland and rebuild Jerusalem. * Hesiod: Hesiod is the Greek Poet who wrote the Theogony. In the beginning of the Theogony, Hesiod calls on the Muses to assist him in writing the myth. Theogony: The Greek Theogony is both a creation and a succession myth written by Hesiod around 700 BCE. This myth describes the creation of the universe and the succes sion of Kronos over Ouranos, and Zeus over Kronos. * proem: A proem is a short introduction in the opening lines of a poem that introduces a main theme. The Greek Theogony includes a proem in which Hesiod calls on the Muses for inspiration. * Muses: The Muses are goddesses that are believed in Greek mythology to inspire poets. In the Greek Theogony? the Muses inspire Hesiod to write the story of creation. * Helikon: Helikon is a mountain in Greece.In Greek mythology, this mountain is believed to serve as the home for the Muses. * Chaos: Chaos is the first god created in the Greek Theogony. Hesiod describes the binatural god Chaos as a large void and gap of empty space. * Gaia/Ge: Gaia is the binatural goddess of the Earth. In the Greek Theogony, she is considered to be one of the first four primal gods. * Tartaros: Tartaros is binatural god of the area below underworld. Considered to be one of the primal gods in the Greek Theogony, Tartaros is considered to be a prison where the Tit ans were confined. * Eros: Eros is the Greek, binatural, goddess of sexual desire.Eros is considered to be one of the primal gods in the Theogony. * Erebos: Erebos is the god of the underworld in Greek mythology. In Hesiod’s Theogony, Erebos is born as a result of pathogenesis and conceives Air and Day with Night. * Ouranos: Ouranos is the god of the sky in Greek mythology. In Hesiod’s Theogony, Ouranos mates with Gaia and gives birth to the titans, Cyclopes and the Hundred-handers. * Titans: The Titans are the children of Ouranos and Gaia in Greek mythology. In Hesiod’s Theogony, the Titans are defeated by Zeus and the Hundred-handers and are thrown into Tartaros. Cyclopes: The Cyclopes are the children of Gaia and Ouranos in Greek mythology. In Hesiod’s Theogony, Zeus frees the Cyclopes from Tartaros and they make his thunderbolts which are used to defeat the Titans. * Hundred-handers: The Hundred-handers are the children of Gaia and Ouranos in Greek My thology. In Hesiod’s Theogony, the Hundred-handers help Zeus defeat the Titans. * Zeus: Zeus is the king of the gods in Greek mythology. In Hesiod’s Theogony, Zeus throws Kronos into Tartaros and becomes King of the Gods. * Kronos: Kronos is a titan in Greek mythology.In Hesiod’s Theogony, Kronos stands up to Ouranos, castrates Ouranos with the sickle of adamant, and becomes the king of the gods until his son Zeus overthrows him. * sickle: A sickle is a weapon that Kronos uses to castrate Ouranos in the Greek Theogony. This sickle is given to Kronos by Gaia because she is furious that Kronos sent her children to Tartaros. * adamant: Adamant is a metal in Greek Mythology described as being the strongest metal in the world. Gaia gives Kronos a sickle made of this to castrate his father, Ouranos. * aphros: Aphros is the sea foam in Greek mythology from which Aphrodite is born.This foam is created when Kronos castrates his father Ouranos and throws his genitals into the sea. * Aphrodite: Aphrodite is the goddess of beauty in Greek Mythology. In Hesiod’s Theogony, she is born from the aphros that are a result of Ouranos’ castrated genitals in the sea. * Rhea: Rhea is wife and sister of Kronos in Greek Mythology. In Hesiod’s Theogony, Gaia tells Rhea to hide Zeus on Crete because Kronos begins eating all of his children as they are born because a prophecy from Gaia and Ouranos states that Kronos would be overthrown by his son. Olympians: The Olympians are the children of Rhea in Greek Mythology. In Hesiod’s Theogony, the Olympians help wage war with Zeus against the Titans. * Titanomachy: Titanomachy is the part of the Greek Theogony that describes battle with the Titans. The titans are thrown into Tartaros by Zeus at the end of the Titanomachy. * Metis: Metis is the early mate of Zeus in Greek mythology. In the Theogony, Metis becomes pregnant and Zeus swallows her because a prophecy is known that Zeus’ son wi ll overthrow the king of the gods. * Athena: Athena is the goddess of wisdom and cleverness in Greek mythology.In the Theogony, Athena is born from Zeus’ head after swallowing the pregnant Metis. * Typhoios: Typhoios is the son of Gaia and Tartaros in Greek mythology. This 100 headed, fire-breathing dragon battles Zeus, loses and is thrown into Tartaros. * Apollodorus: Apollodorus is falsely ascribed as the Greek writer who compiled the Library. Apollodorus includes a different version of the battle between Zeus and Typhoios than what is written in Hesiod’s Theogony. * Library: The Library is a Greek mythological handbook written around the first or second century CE.The Library is falsely attributed to Apollodorus, rather â€Å"Psuedo-Apollodorus† wrote the Library. * Delphyne: Delphyne is a dragon in Greek Mythology that guards the sinews of Zeus. These sinews were stolen from Zeus by Typhon. * Mt. Aitna: Mt. Aitna is the location in Apollodorus’ versio n of Zeus vs. Typhon in which Zeus attacks Typhon. Typhon is trapped under the mountain by Zeus and it subsequently becomes volcanic. * Phoenicians: The Phoenicians were a people living on the coast of modern-day Lebanaon. The Greeks adopted an alphabet script from them and created the Greek alphabet as a result. Ascra: Ascra is the city-state in which Hesiod is born. Hesiod is the author of the Greek Theogony. * Cyme: Cyme is the city in the Asia minor where Hesiod’s father left to move to Ascra. This city is important because living close to non-Greek cultures allowed Hesiod to learn many foreign myths, which most likely influenced his writing of the Greek Theogony * Atrahasis: Atrahasis is a Babylonian flood myth that describes Atrahasis, the king of the city of Shurupakk, survival. In the myth, Atrahasis builds a boat and survives the flood that lasts for seven days and seven nights. Ipiq-Aya: Ipiq-Aya is the author of the Babylonian flood myth Atrahasis. He wrote the poe m on three tablets in cuneiform. * Ellil: Ellil is the gods’ boss in in Babylonian Atrahasis. The noise of the humans anger Ellil and he sends a plague, a famine, a drought and finally a flood to destroy humanity. * Mami/Nintu: Mami is the creator goddess in Babylonian mythology. In Atrahasis, Mami creates humans from the blood of Ilawela and clay, creating seven men and seven women. * Ilawela: Ilawela is a Babylonian god who is slain in order to create humans.Mami uses the blood of the slain Ilawela to create humans to do the work of the gods. * Shuruppak: Shurupakk is the city in which Atrahasis is king. In the Babylonian Atrahasis, Ellil sends a plague to the city of Shuruppak to kill all humanity. * Namtara: Namtara is the god that the people of Shuruppak worship once the plague occurs. In the Babylonian Atrahasis, Namtara notices how all the people of the city are only worshipping him and he uplifts the plague to save humanity. * Adad: Adad is the god that the people of Shuruppak worship once the famine occurs.In the Babylonian Atrahasis, Adad notices how all the people of the city are only worshipping him and he uplifts the famine to save humanity. * reed hut: The reed hut is mentioned in the Babylonian Atrahasis when Enki promises not to tell humans about the flood. Instead, Enki tells the wall of a reed hut that a flood will happen and Atrahasis overhears this message to the reed hut and acts on the advice. * Epic of Gilgamesh: The Epic of Gilgamesh is a popular work made up of 12 cuneiform tablets. On the eleventh tablet of the Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, is where the flood myth with Utnapishtim is found. Utnapishtim: Utnapishtim is the king of the city of Shuruppak. In the Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Utnapistim is warned of a coming flood by Ea, survives and is granted immortality. * bitumen: Bitumen is the material used in making boats waterproof. In the Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Utnapishtim uses bitumen to make his boat waterproof an d survive the huge flood. * Mt. Nimush: Mt. Nimush is the mountain that Utnapishtim lands on at the end of the flood in the Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh. From this mountain, Utnapishtim releases the three birds, a dove, a swallow and a raven to see if there is land. Noah: Noah is the righteous man who evades the Flood in the Hebrew Genesis. God tells Noah to build a boat and to bring two of each animal with him. * cypress wood: Cypress wood is the wood that is explicitly stated by God to be used in the building of the boat. In the Hebrew Genesis, God gives Noah very specific direction on how to build the boat including that the wood must be cypress and even the exact dimensions. * Mt. Ararat: Mt. Ararat is the mountain in which Noah lands on at the end of the flood. In the Hebrew Genesis, Noah sends out a raven and doves from this mountain to see if there is land. berit: Berit is the formal agreement with life on Earth that he will never send any more floods. This agreement was made between God and Noah at the end of the Hebrew Genesis. * Ovid: Ovid is a roman poet who was exiled from Rome by Augustus. Ovid is the author of Metamorphoses. * Metamorphoses: Metamorphoses is a myth written by Ovid. This Greco-Roman myth explains the creation of the universe and a flood. * Augustus: Augustus is the Roman emperor around the time when Ovid wrote his Metamorphoses. Augustus sent Ovid out of Rome in exile for being critical of his rule. Stoic: Stoic is the architect god in Roman mythology. In the Greco-Roman Metamorphoses, there are two stoic doctrines present which describe the flood and conflagration. * Prometheus: Prometheus is one of the four possible creators of humans. In the Greco-Roman Metamorphoses, Prometheus uses earth and water to create humans. * Golden Age: The golden age is a time of peace and abundance in Greco-Roman mythology. This time was ruled by Saturn and is considered to be the best. * Saturn: Saturn is the Roman god who ruled over the Golden Ag e.In Ovid’s Metamorphoses Saturn ruled and granted an abundance of peace of prosperity. * Silver Age: The silver age is the second age in the Greco-Roman Metamorphoses. This period Is ruled by the god Jupiter and is a time when men become more immoral. * Bronze Age: The Bronze Age occurs after the Silver Age in Ovid’s Metamorphoses. This age does not last very long as men are very warlike and kill each other quickly. * Iron Age: The Iron Age occurs after the Bronze Age in Ovid’s Metamorphoses. This age is considered to be our own age, in which technology is advanced, and humans have begun to sail and mine. Lycaon: Lycaon is the king of Arcadia (Greece). In the Greco-Roman, Metamorphoses, Lycaon is tested by the god Jupiter and is seen as a bad host. Lycaon is transformed into a wolf as a result. * xenia: Xenia is the Greek word meaning hospitality. Jupiter is the god of xenia as he punishes poor hosts. * xenos: Xenos is the Greek word meaning guest or host. In O vid’s Metamorphoses, Jupiter is the xenos of Lycaon and Lycaon shows him poor hospitality by giving him human flesh to eat. * Arcadia: Arcadia is the region of Greece where Lycaon is king in the Greco-Roman Metamorphoses.Arcadia is the place in which Jupiter disguises himself as a human and catches Lycaon’s poor hospitality. * ekpyrosis: Ekpyrosis is a Greek word meaning conflagration. Conflagration is one of the Stoic’s doctrines which describes an extensive fire that destroys a great deal of land. Jupiter considers ekpyrosis in Ovid’s Metamorphoses, but rejects the idea in fear that the flames might reach the heavens. * kataklysmos: Katakylsmos is a term describing a devastating flood. This stoic doctrine is the one chosen by Jupiter in the Greco-Roman Metamorphoses to punish humanity for being poor hosts. Neptune: Neptune is Jupiter’s brother in Greco-Roman Mythology. In Ovid’s Metamorphoses, Neptune aides Jupiter in sending the flood. * adynaton: Adynaton is a Greek word meaning impossible. This refers to the topsy-turvy world in the Greco-Roman Metamporphoses created after Jupiter’s flood, for example dolphins stuck in trees. * Deucalion: Deucalion is the son of Promethius in Greco-Roman Mythology. In Metamorphoses, he survives the flood with his wife * Pyrrha: Pyrrha is the wife of Deucalion and the daughter of Epimetheus in Greco-Roman Mythology.In Metamorphoses, she survives the flood with Deucalion and prays to mountain gods, nymphs and Themis. * Epimetheus: Epimetheus is the brother of Prometheus in Greco-Roman mythology. In the Metamorphoses, the daughter of Epimetheus survives the flood. * Mr. Parnassus: Mt. Parnassus is the mountain where Deucalion and Pyyrha are swept during Jupiter’s flood in the Greco-Roman Metamorphoses. On this mountain, Deucalion and Pyyrha pray to the many gods during the flood. * Themis: Themis is the oracle that survives Jupiter’s flood in the Greco-Roman Meta morphoses.In the text, Themis tells Deucalion and Pyrrha to throw the bones of your mother behind your back, which leads to creation of humanity. * Tomis: Tomis is the place that Ovid, the roman poet and author of the Greco-Roman Metamrphoses, was exiled to. Ovid wrote poetry in Tomis and sent it to his wife in Rome. * carmen et error: Carmen et error is a latin term that means â€Å"a poem and a mistake. † Ovid, the author of the Greco-Roman Metamorphoses, uses this to refer to the reasons he was exiled from Rome. The poem was his guide to pick up women, Ars Amatoria, and his mistake was his sexual involvement with Julia, Emperor Agustus’ daughter.