Healthy Living Essay

Why is a healthy lifestyle so important for us? It is important because it can help us to avoid the disease and illnesses such as hypertension and cancer. Having a healthy lifestyle also makes the life become more enjoyable and the most important thing is a way to keep our body in good condition in order to accomplish day-to-day tasks. When you’re living a healthy lifestyle in your future, it will make all of us have a healthy body and mind. It is also very important to have a healthy lifestyle because it will save your life in the future. By living a healthy lifestyle you will be fit and you’re able to do things that you have never done before, or even thought about. In addition, there are several ways to maintain a healthy lifestyle that is exercise, eating healthy and reducing stress. Exercising regularly is very important because through exercise it can boost the metabolism in our body. It also can help us burn off the excess calories in body and increase the mobility in our muscle and joints. Next, eating healthy is also a very important way. Eating healthy does not mean eating expensive food with little waste. We should choose to eat the food that contain minimal amount of unhealthy fats. We must also choose to eat a variety of different whole foods instead of eating processed foods. Last but not the least, healthy lifestyle can bring us lots of benefits that we can’t be expecting. Managing your weight is the key to obtaining all of the health benefits of a Healthy Lifestyle. A weight reduction of just 10% will significantly reduce risk of heart disease and other obesity-related illnesses. The other benefits are reduced tension and blood pressure. There are so many ways to having a healthy lifestyle and we can take more benefits from having a healthy life. So, let’s practice this healthy lifestyle by doing exercise regularly, have enough sleep, eat a balanced diet, and stay away from unhealthy habits such as consume junk food, and don’t ever having a lot of stress. Be healthy, be happy. Sources: www.health.com www.wholeliving.com www.healthylivingforlife.com www.shape.com

“College Is a Waste of Time and Money” by Caroline Bird Essay

In the essay â€Å"College Is a Waste of Time and Money,† Caroline Bird argues that college is a complete waste of time and money for people. She argues that most students are unhappy and unsatisfied with attending college. She believes that they go to college because it has become the thing to do or because of getting pressure from their parents or societies. Furthermore, she thinks that college is not a good financial investment because career financial success depends on other factors. She believes that people gain true knowledge and skill while working in real jobs and not in college. Bird believes that college has to be judged not by what other people think is good for the students, but how good it feels to the students themselves. To some college may be a reason to avoid adult responsibilities, gain independence or avoid intolerable home situations, but to others college is an institution offering higher levels of educational purpose that will help them succeed in their careers later on with multiple benefits. College can be financially expensive. Since it is very costly, many believe it is better to just get a job straight out of high school, not take any student loans, and start to save for your retirement right away. Though colleges have gotten more expensive, not all college graduates find high paying jobs. According to the article â€Å"College Costs Up, Little Debt Help For Occupy Wall Streeters,† it states that â€Å"colleges and universities continue to raise tuition far faster than inflation and churn out ever more indebted graduates, two reports released by The College Board today show. With states struggling to balance their budgets, the sharpest tuition increases this year were at public colleges; at four year state schools in-state tuition†¦ and despite the college expenses, college graduates aren’t able to find a good paying job†(Forbes). Finding a well paying job right after graduation may be hard during these tough circumstances, but that does not mean people should believe that college was useless to them just because they can not find an appropriate job for themselves at that moment. People must be determined, have good skills and a strong will in order to achieve a high paying job. Many people do not go to college because of all the expenses. Beside the tuition fees, there are many other expenses to consider. Many  private colleges publish a total cost of attendance of over $50,000 per year and around $15,000 of this amount is for room and board. According to the article â€Å"College Cost Crunch† it states that â€Å"The College Board reports that while the published rates for private college tuition and fees are in the range of $35,000, nearly half of all full-time undergraduate students attend a four-year college with published charges of less than $9,000 per year in tuition and fees. And most students do not pay the published rate. On average, public four-year colleges charge $7,605 per year for in-state students, and the average charge for 2-year colleges is $2,713. For lower income students, the costs are typically even less, and there are many options for financing the cost of college. Federal Pell grants are available up to $5,550 per year, and many states provide additional grants of $1,500-$2,500 per year† (Forbes). People believe that college is very expensive, but if they are able to do the right research and apply themselves for all these loans, grants and scholarship then this will reduce their tuition fees. It is very important for people to look at all their options carefully before making a decision that will have an impact on their career. The value of a college degree or certificate is very important today. The money and time people spend on college matters. College education is universally viewed as such a great investment that the cost and its return on investment are beneficial towards future careers. The impact of getting a job can be very difficult. In today’s economy, getting a job is pretty tough, and it is a lot tougher for those without a post-secondary education. The chances of getting a job without a post-secondary degree or certificate are very few. According to the U.S Dept. of Labor the over all unemployment rate is 9.1%. The rate of people with only a high school diploma is a little bit higher at 9.5%. But college graduates have an unemployment rate at only 4.5%. Unemployment for ages 18-25 with only a high school diploma is currently over 50%, but the jobless rate for those under 25 with a college degree is only 8%. It is very hard to argue that skipping college to start working early is a practical financial alternative when over half of the young people out of high school are unemployed. The benefits of college go beyond creating improved career choices. The average pay for a job with a college degree earns almost twice the average for those with a high school diploma. People with higher education will have a  lifetime work of $800,000 more in wages. The jobs available to those with a post-secondary education are more interesting because they have more mobility between jobs and they have more advancement opportunities within companies. In other words, a college degree or certificate will greatly enhance the ability to get a job people will enjoy. In addition to actually liking that job and getting paid more for it, they have benefits including more leisure time, more opportunities, better health, less dependence on government services, and having children that are far more likely to be successful in school. Of course, there will always be exceptions of highly successful entrepreneurs like Bill Gates, Michael Dell, and Steve Jobs who were very successful without completing college, but most of CEOs in America have a college degree. In her essay, Bird believes that students should go to college because they want to themselves, not because someone pressured them in to it. The students should have an inside view of what’s good for them. If they feel college is not necessarily good for them, then people can not expect them to go through with it. They need to set their own goals in life whether it be getting an education or getting a job right after high school. Everyone should be able to make decisions for them self. In the article â€Å"Is College worth It?,† it states that â€Å"the main purpose of a college education is to teach work-related skills and knowledge, and it is to help a student grow personally and intellectually. College graduates place more emphasis on intellectual growth; those who are not college graduates place more emphasis on career preparation† (Pewresearch) Though college may seem pointless to others, it actually helps students grow intellectually while building new skills that prepares them for their careers. College is definitely a good investment. Despite its expensive cost, people should not make any excuses because there are so many ways and opportunities to reduce the tuition fees. The money students invest in going to college will come back in multiples when they land a higher paying job. College graduates with a degree will always have a secure future financially. Aside from the financial benefits of going to college, the education students receive and the experience they gain from going to college will make them a better rounded person. It not only helps students grow intellectually, but it helps them mature as a person. It strengthens their skills, builds confidence and prepares them for a career in the real  world. Those who believe going to college is a waste of time and money should really consider the benefits and values of having a college degree, unless of course if they are a true genius like Bill Gates, then by all means go for the American Dream! Work Cited Novack, Janet. â€Å"College Costs Up, Little Debt Help For Occupy Wall Streeters.† Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 26 Oct. 2011. Web. 15 July 2012. . Novack, Janet. â€Å"College Cost Crunch.† Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 28 Oct. 2010. Web. 14 July 2012. . â€Å"Is College Worth It?† Pewresearch.org. Pew Research Center, 15 May 2011. Web. 14 July 2012. . Caroline Bird. â€Å"College is a Waste of Time and Money.† The Norton Reader.1975

Urban planning policies

NarrativeIn the West, Twentieth Century urban planning policies and rapid urbanization ; characterised by individual usage zoning ; low denseness land usage and auto dependent communities ; have frequently separated people from traditional community interaction. For many this individualistic being can be perceived as dystopia. What if people were given the chance to react to such dystopia assisted by the farther development of concerted community theoretical account that facilitated sustainable life and supportive common regard? What if an alternate agencies to populate was promoted helped by the proviso of flexible and supportive physical assorted usage environment which was both accessible and good to the whole community? It is arguable that true sustainability relates non merely to the natural environment but besides to the built environment and it has cardinal economic and societal community dimensionsBrief Outline of User Requirements:Cohousing communities provide a underdeveloped physical, economic and societal theoretical account to accomplish such aims outlined above. They are typically composed of assorted usage flexible edifices incorporating private life infinite, economic activity and extended common countries, which are owned, managed and maintained by the occupants, supplying an low-cost, sus tainable and community focused life style. Facilities should include a scope of communal installations proportionate in size to the development including a big kitchen and dining room country, a wash, offices and workshops with broadband entree and a scope of leisure installations Communal outdoor infinites should supply attractive countries for societal interaction. The edifices should be flexible and adaptative and promote supportive concerted behaviour. The proposed edifices should seek to take maximal benefit from their town Centre location and seek to accomplish high environmental criterions against the sustainability codification. Close spacial relationship between work and abode and interaction economically with the vicinity and visitants to the metropolis Centre should be encouraged. This self-generative environment will heighten a socio-economic sustainability that can successfully accommodate to the altering demands of the occupant and wider community.Proposed Location:Fish Street is located in Leeds City Centre. It connects Kirkgate, King Edwards Street and Vicar Lane supplying entree to the dress shop retail mercantile establishments in the Victorian One-fourth of the City, The City Markets and Lower Briggate, all of which are major tourer attractive forces.IntroductionTHE GLOBAL PROBLEMSome sociologists such as Georg SimmelandFerdinand T & A ; ouml ; nnies, have posed the theory that the namelessness of the metropolis leads to a feeling of disaffection ( Hess, A, 2001 ) ( Lucaccini, G, 2009 ) . Twentieth century urban planning policies and rapid urbanization ; characterised by individual usage zoning ; low denseness land usage ; big corporate concern and auto dependent communities ; have served to separate people from traditional community interaction. For m any this individualistic being can be perceived as a dystopia. Furthermore, with 75 per cent of the 10 billion people expected to populate the planet by 2050 predicted to shack in urban centres this is a planetary issue that needs to be addressed ( Ripplinger, S, 2009 ) . The hereafter defining and well-being of metropoliss requires the publicity and execution of new theoretical accounts of flexible assorted usage and adaptative edifices reacting to and advancing concerted, supportive and sustainable communities.LeedsScattered and stray communities are no more evident than in Leeds ( Nuttgens, P, 1979 ) . Over the class of the last century metropolis occupants have been â€Å" driven from † the City Centre and out into the suburbs go forthing some urban countries neglected, insecure and underused ( Nuttgens, P, 1979 ) particularly during times of economic diminution such as that precipitated by the recognition crunch. Although & A ; lb ; 1.8 billion of major belongings development has been undertaken in Leeds over the last 10 old ages, this portion of the City remains degage and distant, and many metropolis inhabitants still face exclusion or separation from community support. Maxwell Hutchinson ‘s averment that Leeds is ‘building the high rise slums of tomorrow†¦ they ‘re burying to construct communities † would look peculiarly accurate, despite Leeds City Planning Policy that sets out to undertake societal exclusion and Foster better communities ( BBC Inside Out – Leeds – Changing for the Better? ) ( Leeds City Council 2007, Sustainable Development in Leeds ) .HOW THE SITE STARTS TO RESOLVE THE PROBLEMThe Fish Street country is deep within the commercially goaded retail bosom of Leeds City Centre. The site, holding one time accommodated booming assorted usage markets in the nineteenth Century, is now an unattractive backland infinite which for large tra de name retail mercantile establishments, is unsympathetic and limited in size and economic potency. However it is the ideal topographic point to form and develop a sustainable urban community which is accessible for all, inclusive and community focused.SITE ( PHYSICAL CONTEXT ) 1500 1556SITE CHOICE 100 94The reuse and repositioning of disused or underutilised edifices and sites is indispensable to revitalizing Leeds City Centre and regenerating blighted vicinities and replacing them with more comfortable communities. Six such countries were analysed to place the best chances to determine a sustainable urban community within Leeds City Centre and promote chance for investing, concern endeavor and societal interaction. The sites were analysed in footings of size, conveyance links, propinquity to community indispensable comfortss, pes autumn, assemblage and retreating, sense of entry and reaching, parking and orientation.THE SELECTED SITE? 100 109The most suited location was the Fish Street Area. This location benefits from first-class footstep, permeableness and connectivity ( See Ri ght ) . It lies straight between the two chief East-West prosaic paths across the City Centre ( Kirkgate and King Edwards Street ) every bit good as the chief North-South walker and vehicular paths ( Briggate and Vicar Lane ) . The Fish Street country is located in close propinquity to the Victorian Boutique Retail Outlets, the City Markets and Briggate, all of which are major tourer attractive forces. Community indispensable comfortss are plentiful as are transport installations with major coach paths on Vicar Lane and Leeds Railway Station is a 5 minute walk off.SITE INFORMATION 150 144The Fish Street country has a ‘T ‘ alliance in footings of the street and edifice signifier. The site consists of three bunchs of unattractive and under-utilised edifices including two storage installations and two run down B grade commercial edifices one of which is advertised for renovation. The Fish Street country is by and large used as a thoroughfare and a hair salon and two little coffeehouses allow for some really limited community interaction. The country underperforms environmentally, socially and economically and presents a significant chance for regeneration The sites total about 1030 sq m and have a street frontage of 100 m. A considerable proportion of the sites have a individual frontage. There is a little autumn of about 700mm from West to East across the site over a distance of 41 meters ( 1:59 ) and from North to South it is comparatively flat. Assembly of the site may necessitate mandatory purchase by the Local Authority under wellbeing powers.VISUAL SURVEY 100 87Immediate and distant thresholds and positions of the site have been investigated. The consequences are shown over the undermentioned pages. The Fish Street country is surrounded by a scope of architectural edifice manners and stuffs ( See Conservation: Restrictions and Opportunities ) . However the ruddy brick and ornate Victorian facades on King Edwards Street provide the best illustration of architectural consistence and are typical of the Victorian listed edifices in this country of Leeds. Care must be taken to esteem the linguistic communication and look of these edifices particularly in footings of coloring material, stuffs and where operable graduated table and tallness in any renovation. Much of the site is nevertheless tucked away in its ain context, supplying some flexibleness.IDENTIFICATION OF ANY EXISTING HAZARDS 300 242GROUND CONDITIONS & A ; CONTAMIN ATIONFish Street lies next to Briggate and Kirkgate, two of the oldest streets in Leeds dating back to 1207. The presence of former basements, unconsolidated land and foundations or structural relationships with bordering edifices will be examined. The stableness of bordering edifices and any party wall issues will necessitate to be assessed. Any hazards associated with former coal excavation will be examined. Middle and Lower Coal Measures are present across cardinal Leeds. These sedimentations comprise a thick sequence of jumping sets of clays, shales, sandstone, mudstone and coal ( LCC, 2001, Contaminated Land ) .HydrologyThe major surface watercourse within the Leeds country is the River Aire and Leeds Liverpool Canal. The Fish Street country is non within inundation hazard zones presently identified ( LCC, 2007, Sustainable Drain in Leeds )MANMADE HAZARDSGiven the metropolis Centre location, the air quality and the noise and light pollution degrees will be assessed and extenuation taken where necessary to run into environmental criterions. Vicar Lane is a major vehicular path hence route safety and air pollution must be considered. The location and handiness of gas, electricity and broadband services and disgusting and surface H2O drains must besides be determined through detailed studies and audience.ENVIRONMENTAL F ACTORS 350 283ClimateIn Leeds rainfall norms 600mm yearly ( metoffice.gov.uk ) . The prevailing air current is from the South West with an mean velocity of 10 knots ( windfinder.com ) . Though the undertaking location is surrounded by big and frequent obstructors, funneling at land degree along Fish street, Kirkgate and King Edwards Street should be considered. The Fish Street country is about 36m above sea degree. Air temperature averages 11 & A ; deg ; C yearly and a snow burden of 0.6kn/m sq should be accommodated for in the design. Within the country a microclimate will chair extremes.SUNLIGHT/DAYLIGHTAt street degree some overshadowing occurs, though the upper degrees of the proposed development should be comparatively unfastened to sunlight topic to some flexibleness in the highs relative to bordering edifices. However, given the narrowness of the main roads through the site and the individual facet of much of the sites, effectual incursion of natural visible radiation into th e edifices will be a major consideration. Any possible rights of light issues will be examined and negotiated. The Fish Street Area slopes gently Eastward and maximal environmental advantage will be taken of this facet by the tallness and design of the new edifices.DESIGN FACTORS AND OPPORTUNITIES AND LIMITATIONS OF THE SITE 450ConservationThe Fish Street country is located in preservation country 45A of Leeds City Centre. Numerous listed edifices line King Edwards Street and Vicar Lane. Appropriate consent will be necessary to enable destruction of the edifices in the strategy and the development proposals. Conservation and urban design policies are included in the Local Development Frame Work ( LDF ) and need to be taken into history.ARTICULATION, ORNAMENT AND MATERIALSFacade intervention ; ratio of solid to invalidate and detailing of frontages should be designed to complement traditional proportioning, and stuffs should complement the bing scope of brick and rock in footings of coefficient of reflection, coloring material and texture. Rooflines should be staggered or otherwise broken to take history of alterations in degree and roofs should be pitched and punctuated by characteristics such as dormers, chimneys or turrets where appropriate.SITE ACCESSSite adjustment for the contractor and site cabins, Cranes and stuffs is limited and must be resolved. The minimal proviso of lifts can be met through incorporation of paseos in the sky between the separate sites. As some of the edifices are individual facet they will endorse onto clean party walls of bordering belongingss and so there will be issues of absence of visible radiation and views.Ventilation canals that run horizontally to the roof and the usage of solar chimneys must be considered.COMMON LAW RIGHTSThere are besides rights to visible radiation, rights of manner and compacts and restrictive compacts that must be investigated. Ownership factors such as Highwaies Services manner leaves and the Party Wall Act will impact the legalities of the development. Access for garbage, exigency services and bringings must be catered for in the design.BRIEF 1500 1527AN OUTLINE BRIEF 500 451An advanced iconic interior metropolis group of edifices is required to show a new signifier of regeneration station recognition crunch. Urban development that is more sustainable, low-cost and community focused will reshape Leeds City Centre ( LCC, Leeds Sustainable Strategy, 2009 ) . The development must be an attractive investing proposition for the renter whom is able to populate and work within a likeminded empathic community that portions the benefits of shared resources and cognition, in an environmentally friendly, non estranging environment. BUSINESS ENTERPRISEMixed usage driven out of the older back streets of Leeds, by large commercial concern on Briggate and the Headrow etc. The Fish Street country is unattractive to large commercial retailers/business due to complexnesss of the site. Supplying a community theoretical account which makes these infinites available to smaller concern. CommunityResearch has shown that 65 % of people have cipher with whom they can co-operate in their day-to-day lives, 84 % do non hold close relationships with their neighbors and one in three people live entirely ( 2006, National Lifestyle Preferences ) . Crime, antisocial behavior, soiled streets, neglected unfastened infinites, illuming and deficiency of installations for immature people have besides been highlighted as the most concerning of societal issues ( 2008, New Economics Foundation ) . The development must turn to the dislocation of community in urban Centres.MANAGEMENT & A ; TENURE 100 92The rank and outreach policy will be democratic, unfastened and inclusive and will seek to develop close connexions with the environing community. A procedure of enrolling laminitis members will take topographic point as portion of the design procedure to guarantee their engagement in the design of the strategy. The development must be for a mixed-income, multigenerational demographic to guarantee fiscal and community sustainability.Overall EXPECTATIONS/STATEMENTS ON THE QUALITY TO BE ACHIEVED 200 111The development will make a beautiful life, working environment which will maximize green infinites, natural energy resources and countries for societal interaction, maximizing the potency of the upper floors and facet of the separate edifice sites and the narrow urban infinite between the edifices. As a pilot strategy it will necessitate to hold good quality stuffs, coatings and adjustments that reflect the statement being made and that are lasting minimising future care costs. Different degrees of coating will be considered as appropriate particularly in the workshop countries and retail countries.A DIAGRAMMATIC ANALYSIS OF THE FUNCTIONAL AREAS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS 450The creative activity of inter-junctions between interior/exterior and public/private infinite on a assortment of graduated tables accommodates assorted residential activities and will ease self-generated societal interactions.COMMUNAL ACCOMMODATIONA communal-house will be at bosom of the community and will include kitchen and dining infinite, a Television room, a chromium & A ; egrave ; che and a multi-use room and will be a general usage assemblage infinite for the community. The entryway country must be both luring and sheltered and should take to or integrate mail and coat maps. The communal house will hol d direct entree to the roof patio which will supply a existent microclimate for the edifice, supplying chances for nutrient production, out-of-door dining and recreational activities and a infinite to withdraw. The kitchen must easy entree advanced recycling and garbage installations and be acoustically insulated and ventilated. Tables and equipment should be easy set up and removed and there must be two general usage lavatories. The chromium & A ; egrave ; che must be accessible by the populace to enable appropriate income coevals and be visually connected to the kitchen. There will be separate infinites for different age groups such as babes, yearlings and adolescents. Storage, lavatory and altering installations, common house security ( due to public entree ) and exterior drama infinite are of import considerations. Guest installations should flank the communal house and hold entree to its installations whilst being separated from the workshop and retail nucleus of the development.Private ACCOMMODATIONThe co-op will include a lower limit of 6060 residential units to guarantee the strategies economic viability. All residential units will run into â€Å" Lifetime Homes † , Homes & A ; Community Agency criterions in footings of size and quality and seek to accomplish Sustainable Code degree 4. The edifices will house at least 138 people and 10 impermanent paying invitees in shared sleeping rooms and flats. The invitee sleeping rooms and flats will be able to accommodate and unify into a 3 bed home or 5 bed residence hall. There should be at least 7 studios and 15 one bed and 20 two bed flats, half of which have an adjoining workshop. Populating environments should be capable of being to the full integrated with work and public infinites. All homes will hold the ability to accommodate and unify and subdivide to guarantee flexibleness for a altering demographic and community demands. The strategy will include at least 5 two bed flats which will hold the capacity to unify with one bed flats to supply three bed homes. Lift installations will be provided and the edifices will be connected at strategic degrees. All units must easy entree wash, recycling and decline services and communal adjustment. They will be located on elevated narratives to supply a safe and hearable separation from the street.SEMI-PUBLIC ACCOMMODATIONAt least 24 workshops will provide for those occupants who choose non to hold an adjoining workshop to their belongings. Workshop infinite may be used for rock, wood and metal work and therefore must be acoustically insulated and ventilated. Natural lighting should be incorporated where possible. Ceiling highs will be higher at land floor degree than standard residential room highs and for at least 50 % of the workshop units overall.Cr & A ; egrave ; chePUBLIC ACCOMMODATIONTrading infinite and little live/ work units allow occupants to stay local for their work and shopping. Trading/retail court/units. Large infinites for e.g. designers, section shop sort of infinite, little stall like infinite†¦OTHERThe edifices should include a basement and besides be capable of per pendicular extension in the hereafter. A motorcycle park and an advanced recycling and garbage installation will be located at land floor degree. The latter will be accessible to all and in peculiar will be linked to the communal kitchen and workshops.. It should be unafraid hidden from position but accessible to aggregation vehicles.Agenda OF MAJOR AREAS OF ACCOMMODATIONAnalysis OF THE BRIEF 900 1076AIMS ( ARE REALISTIC/ACHIEVABLE? ) 100 63The strategy will offer quality low-cost lodging adjustment that embraces cohousing rules with dedicated originative concern and workshop infinite, taking the cost of transposing and furthering the entrepreneurial spirit of the City, making a socio-economic sustainability that can successfully further and accommodate to the altering demands of the community. A LWBC creates a balance of community and privateness, by set uping private, self-sufficing places around a communal house with shared resources. The narrow entree ways between the site constituents lends itself to the rules of carbon monoxide lodging strategies. The location is within walking distance of public conveyance and other community indispensable comfortss such as nutrient stores, eating houses, topographic points of worship and cultural attractive forces. Assembly of the site would if necessary involve Compulsory Planning Order by the Local Authority under good being powers.BUSINESS ENTERPRISEA scope of low-cost workshops of different sizes and constellations allow for people who desire a better pick of where and how to populate and work. Large commercial/office infinite will be rented to outside concern and a figure of little retail mercantile establishments and a trading tribunal can be used by the occupants or once more rented to local originative concerns.CommunityThe strategy will promote empathy for little concern and endeavor within a extremely synergistic urban community. Tenants will populate, work via the cyberspace, industry, bring forth and sell on site. Based on the Danish co-housing theoretical account, community interaction is maximised through blending private life infinite with shared installations in a co-house. The benefits of the community include the creative activity of a traditional vicinity within a heavy urban Centre with safe environments onto which the residential units forepart and common values. There are peculiar benefits for kids in footings of secure drama infinite and shared activities with their equals. The multi generational LWBC is for originative professionals ( including designers, creative persons, jewelry makers, throwers, music manufacturers etc ) who choose to determine their concern green goods, within a unstable architecture that will alter form as their life demands change, determining an of all time germinating organic interior metropolis community. The communal life construct builds upon established demand for similar undertakings around the UK including undertakings in Stroud, Lancaster, Lewes, Dorset, Sheffield, Bradford on Avon and London with at least 15 other prospective undertakings.MANAGEMENT & A ; TENURE ( HOW IT WORKS? ) 400 563A spouse Registered Social landlord ( RSL ) will be sought to supervise and back up the development. A assorted term of office of units is proposed which may change depending on market conditions. Approximately 25 % of units will be proprietor occupied with units owned outright through long term fixed rentals ( called leasehold enfranchisement ) . Mortgage support would be sought by such buyers. The investor therefore benefits from any additions in belongings value should they make up one's mind to sell. Any net income from this component of the strategy will be used to cross-subsidise the remainder. Approximately 50 % of units will be societal rented belongingss subsidised by the Homes and Communities Agency ( HCA ) Social Housing Association Grant at 50 % of development cost the remainder being funded from rental income operated through a just rent common ownership concerted. The land and homes will be owned by a registered co-operative which is controlled by its members who are those who lease the belongingss. The physique cost will be financed by mortgage loans from long term investors ( such as Ecology Building Society, the Cooperative Bank or Triodos or the Local Council through Prudential Borrowing or The Homes and Communities Agency ) , together with grants and sedimentations from members some of which are efficaciously considerations. The staying 25 % of belongingss will be a signifier of shared ownership. The land and construct cost is financed by the mortgage loans and divided into equity portions that are bought by members through monthly payments. Members will necessitate to pay a minimal sedimentation equal to 10 % of the equity portions they can afford to finance through their monthly payments. 5 % will be paid on connection and the other 5 % when land is purchased. A recognition cheque will guarantee that possible members are able to refund the mortgage debt. The figure of single portions owned depends on the physique cost of the persons ‘ place and what is low-cost ( these are the figure of portions which are financed by 35 % of net income ) . The value of the equity portions owned by these families must non differ by more than ( + or – ) 10 % of the physique cost. Members hence secure a ‘foothold ‘ on the lodging ladder at lower family incomes and the correlativity to mean net incomes helps cut down hazard and retain affordability. Similar term of office theoretical accounts are apparent in Norway OBOS ( Oslo Buildings and Savings Co-operative ) supplying for 214,000 members, and in Sweden HSB Riskforbund provides for 375,000. Le Corbusier ‘s, Unite d'Habitation de Reze, in Nantes besides follows a extremely active co-ownership rule affecting private and public renters.TYPES OF UNITS PROPOSEDThere will be a scope of residential unit sizes. 20 % studios, 40 % 1 bed and 40 % 2 beds of which 10 % will hold the capacity to accommodate into 3 bed homes. Members can therefore move between belongingss as they become available and as their lodging demands alteration ( See agenda of adjustment ) . All of the studio units and 50 % of the 1 bed homes will hold enlarged populating quarters to enable place office working. Flexible workshops infinites will besides be provided between some of the residential units that can be shared or sole used by bordering renters. 20 separate workshops will be provided for those renters who choose non to populate straight with their work topographic point. Retail units and big commercial office infinite at land floor degree which will be rented on a commercial footing on the unfastened market. An extra invitee infinite associated with the communal installations is provided on a rentable easy in and out footing with an appropriate consideration.DESIGN ISSUES 1500Existing PROJECTS AND THE THEMES OF THE SOLUTIONS WHICH IDENTIFY THE ARCHITECTURAL QUALITIES 600BOXLEY STREET, SILVERTOWN, EAST LONDON, ASH SAKULA 2004This lodging strategy involved the reconsideration of lodging criterions and ordinances for the Peabody Trust. The hypertrophied circulation infinite renamed ‘sorting zone ‘ is the focal point point for communal activity, and the kitchen are the most of import parts of the homes. The zone is a room in itself advancing usage for many different maps and the kitchen is for life, meeting, playing and cookery. The lone constitutional closets are in the zone instead than in the sleeping rooms. This program reverses typical spacial precedences supplying more infinite in countries normally designed down to a lower limit. The staying suites are reduced to a minimal size and can be used in a assortment of ways including fro sleeping rooms or populating infinite.KRAFTWERK 1 – STUCHELI BUNZLI COURVOISIER ARCHITEKTEN, ZURICH HARDTURMSTRASSE 287, ZURICH, SWITZERLAND 2001 200 177An interior metropolis site in Z & A ; uuml ; rich comprises of three edifices 5-9 floors for Kraftwerk 1 lodging co-op which promotes life, working and populating and societal inclusion. It has sustainable aims and is financed by commercial loans, investings from members and province aid. These ‘Suiten ‘ are intended to let different signifiers of communal and co-living though a assortment of communal and private infinites. The edifice blocks feature a big assortment of level sizes, runing from 2.5 room flats to units with up to 13 suites and from 31 M2s to 350 M2s. They range from singles and households to communal groups of independent people. The scope of unit sizes is facilitated by a insistent constructional system of cross walls, which can be knocked through at points. The cross walls are spaced at the breadth of a typical residential room. This dimension allows an about infinite scope of possible layouts. The units have a cardinal circulation and service nucleus and it is besides possible to infix private internal stairwaies between cross walls, to make two and three floor flats.URBAN CENTRE COHOUSING COOP CANYON, DALLAS200 58Designed by ‘Standard ‘ for the Dallas Urban Re: Vision competition, Coop Canyon harvests adequate rainwater, solar energy, and agribusiness to wholly prolong its 1,000 occupants. The construction resembles a terraced canon with lodging units tucked into the canon wall. On the canon floor, community gardens allow occupants to turn green goods. The design exploits natural energy resources through a cardinal atrium infinite. Excellent permeableness and footstep across and through the site allow for community battle with the retail and cr & A ; egrave ; che installations. A communal installation with shared cookery and wash and diversion installations is a cardinal portion of the strategy as with all cohousing. This is located centrally on an immediate degree so is easy accessed by all.ADAPTIVE LIVING – 41-75 CONSORT ROAD, PECKHAM, LONDON 200 229( Walter Menteth Architects 2007 ) Clear span floor building across the breadth of single residential units means internal dividers are non-load bearing and enable considerable flexibleness in layout from the beginning ( Schneider T 2007 P 195 ) ( See Figure X ) . Spans of up to 6.5 meters require steel/concrete beam and column frame building. Party wall block-work/masonry walls can be used as the chief supporting construction. â€Å" Fin † wall building maintains considerable flexibleness.

Visual analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Visual analysis - Essay Example The following analysis examines these three aspects of the poster in turn: the representation of the dramatic content of the film, the adherence to film advertising conventions, and the contention that it is a classic film. At first sight, the most striking attribute of the poster is the complex image in the center. The face of a woman is shown with eyes closed and mouth open. This temporary blindness is one of the ways in which the film underlines female victimization (Diffrient 80). The red lipstick and open mouth convey a high level of arousal, which could be interpreted in several ways, including sexualized excitement, fear or shouting. The woman’s hands are in a rigid, fully stretched position which conveys extreme stress, as one hand protects her head and the other appears to reach out as if grasping for help. Images of birds are overlaid on the female face, in various shades of black and grey. The beaks of the birds all focus on the woman, giving the impression that she is under attack. There is an implicit appeal to the viewer of such an image to feel sympathy for the woman, who is clearly distressed and afraid of the birds. It is also advance notice that the genre of the film is horror, because of the fear that is visible in the female figure. In contrast to this dramatic image in the center of the poster, there is a small image of the same female actor in the right hand corner at the bottom. This feature recalls the proportions and style of a passport photograph, with few colors and a full-face angle showing Tippi Hedren’s clearly features. The caption â€Å"A Fascinating New Personality† is intended to add mystery to the image, but the main visual message is a very obvious likeness to the Hollywood star Marilyn Monroe, who had died in tragic circumstances just a year before, in 1962 (Taraborrelli 470.). The iconic importance of Monroe in American culture of this period has been attributed to her status as â€Å"a contradiction i n terms† (Rollyson 14), something between a victim and a goddess, or an innocent child and a knowing sex-symbol. The phrase â€Å"and introducing ‘Tippi’ Hedren† alongside the image adds to the impression that the poster is trying to persuade the viewer that this actress has emerged to take on the iconic role that Monroe’s death has left vacant. The format is portrait, and not landscape, which gives the poster the look of a book or page, rather than the widescreen shape of a movie. This format gives the poster an intellectual aura, and this is underlined further by the black and white portrait of the Alfred Hitchcock at the top of the poster, and the provision of a quotation from the director, along with a copy of his signature, in different typefaces. It is very unusual to see a movie poster with the director’s photograph on it, since most movies are more concerned with advertising the leading actors in the film, who are likely to draw in the ir fans. It is also unusual to see an endorsement for any artistic work from the creator himself or herself. The subtle argument being presented here is that this is an exceptional director whose work is of proven merit and whose opinion is worthy of attention. The director’s distinctive, rather heavy face, his dark suit and his somewhat arrogant side-ways look are indicators of a sense of superiority and formality. The

RFP Correspondence management system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

RFP Correspondence management system - Essay Example Reducing the number of steps the correspondences/documents go through in their path till they reach their final destination. This should be fixed by creating a user friendly interface where many easy to identify icons are placed for the user to assign task and route documents for action. Saving time and effort through giving the ability to trace the correspondences/documents state in terms of knowing their location in the department(s), who is the person responsible to take actions against them, delays, bottleneck etc†¦ Create Adobe PDF files for archiving and auditing and send the files to a preferred location for easy access when required. It also maintains an audit trail at each phase of the material management process. Provide post go-live support for 3 year for system maintenance and administration. This is to ensure that the system is updated to tailor upcoming needs and errors unforeseen during system development are corrected. All bidders to provide list of staff of those will be working in the project and proposed organization chart. Bidder should provide CVs with the proposal for Project Manager and system architects, web designers and developers for DEWA review and approval. Bidders shall be responsible to ensure that their company, solution providers, developers, sub-contractors, and suppliersare capableto satisfactorily meet the project requirements. This shall be done prior to submitting proposal to DEWA. In making the selection, DEWA will not be bound to award the tender to the lowest bidder. DEWA will take into consideration the prices offered, features and technology offered, proposed designs, delivery dates, cost for training and maintenance or any other elements which could affect the final cost to DEWA and the suitability of the solution. DEWA reserves the right to request the bidders to arrange for a demonstration/trainingto better

Racal Inequalities n the US Justice System Research Paper

Racal Inequalities n the US Justice System - Research Paper Example The current rate of total incarceration in the United States is by a significant degree the highest of any economically-developed Western nation state – around 1% of the adult population is in detention. The prison population of around 2.3 million individuals exceeds the population of some 15 American States, and prompts an Economist lead article to state, justifiably, that ‘No other rich country is nearly as punitive as the Land of the Free’. While the rate at which America incarcerates its citizens has more than quadrupled since 1970, there is little evidence that this approach is having the intended effect on crime rates, which are higher now than in 1970. For young black men, this figure rises to an astonishing 1 in 9 (Economist, 2010). Many of these individuals were given prison sentences or relatively minor drug offences, and so the unnecessary and apparently ineffective harshness of much American legislation has its part to play, as will be detailed below. The proportion of prison inmates from different racial groups demonstrates the blatantly racist bias in the justice system. 38% of those incarcerated in the United States are African-Americans, but the latter make up only 13% of the total population, while 19% of those in prison are Latinos, but the latter account for only 15% of the total population. This has led to the dangerous situation where a black male born in 2001 has a 32% chance of incarceration at some point, a Hispanic male has a 17% chance of being imprisoned, while a while male has only a 6% chance of incarceration (The Sentencing Project, 2008, p.2). Furthermore, while the above figures represent national averages, Human Rights Watch found that in seven States, blacks are incarcerated at more than thirteen times the rate of whites. The United States has found itself in a situation where, in every State, the proportion of blacks in prison is greater than that of whites, and in Minnesota and Iowa it is 12 times greater (Human

Final draft of Rhertorical Analysis Eassy Assignment

Final draft of Rhertorical Analysis Eassy - Assignment Example lenging for the academicians, psychologists, politicians, and judiciary as it involves both human aspirations and the societal onus as to how to legally systematize same-sex marriages. The issue of same sex marriage is a topic that will always garner controversies as it is utterly difficult to come out with a consensual perspective with regards to the myriad social, ethical, philosophical, religious and legal aspects related to it. According to a nationwide study conducted by the University of Queensland, given the choice, 54 percent of the same sex partners are prepared to get married while 80 percent of Australians who are maintaining same-sex relationship will advocate such marriages even if they do not wish to marry. There are many legal benefits for married couples and they are even more important for same- sex couples, since they experience denial of legal rights because of social prejudices (12 Reasons Why Marriage Equality Matters, n.d.). There are other cultural and social benefits, like each partner will feel more responsible towards the other. Moreover, it has been seen that if legal recognition is not given to same- sex marriages then it can have adver se impact on the physical and mental health of the partners involved. Social discrimination can lead to severe depression and lower self-esteem among gay and lesbian people. Such cases are more common among the young LGBTs who become prone towards running away from home, substance abuse, and suicidal tendencies (Renzetti & Edleson, 2008, p.337). Personally speaking, it is an emphatic assertion that homosexuals need not be subjected to any kind of discriminations and should be accepted with open arms within the society, because being a homosexual is completely natural and harmless. As per the existent academic and scientific inputs, being a homosexual is not an ethical or moral choice, but is something that is innate and natural to any individual. Hence, a person should not be prejudiced against and

Forum 5 and providing with suggestions for their papers to your peers Assignment

Forum 5 and providing with suggestions for their papers to your peers - Assignment Example The Capitol, who steered the game, thought that Katniss is a poor child just like the rest. The poverty of Katniss proves to be strength and a weakness to her. Due to lack of privilege, she learned various skills that were important in the arena. Some of the outright skills were gathering and hunting capabilities. She also commented on how to manage hunger compared to those that lived in luxurious suburbs. Based on the thesis statement, I would say that money do not give power, rather it gives the power idea. This is because the author has stated this fact in the entire book and offered the reader to think. Katniss started rebelling against the capitol when she said, â€Å"â€Å"`Trust me, ` I whisper. He holds my gaze for a long moment then lets me go. I loosen the top of the pouch and pour a few spoonful of berries into his palm. Then I fill my own. `On the count of three? `† (Collins,

There is no place for judgement in accounting it's simply mathematics Essay

There is no place for judgement in accounting it's simply mathematics and a precise subject. Explore the above statement - Essay Example The existing conceptual framework has proven to be extremely helpful to the IASB while trying to improve the financial reporting standards (IFRS, 2013a). The framework is a key parameter that defines the underlying concepts of transparent and relevant preparation of financial statements (AASB, 2010). It must be understood that the Conceptual framework in no way represents the IFRS and therefore the framework does not state accounting requirements for any particular disclosure issue or measurement (IFRS, 2013b). Nothing that is outlined in the conceptual framework supersedes any specific IFRS. However, in certain cases issues covered under the IFRS have conflicted with the conceptual framework. As such, in those cases the IFRS supersedes the conceptual framework as it is a globally accepted standard (BDO international, 2010). The conceptual framework plays a crucial role in the presentation and preparation of high quality financial reports in order to satisfy the needs of their users (Working Group on Fundamental Concepts, 2004). The primary objectives of the conceptual framework are to assist the IASB in order to help them to develop the future international accounting standards. ... Approach The statement, â€Å"There is no place for judgement in accounting it’s simply mathematics and a precise subject†, is highly debatable. In order to evaluate the statement, its needs to be interpreted from the perspective of principle vs. rule based accounting theory as well as the theory of conceptual framework. Thereafter, the statement has to be evaluated on the basis of the relevance of professional judgements in the field of accounting. What is professional judgement? According to Lakovic and Fuglister (2013), professional judgement refers to a process that is used by accounting officials in order to apply them to accounting standards while preparing financial reports. Accounting procedures involves rigorous application of judgements as they help accountants to analyse and select the right methods and models in financial reporting (Xiling, 2010). Principle vs. Rule based accounting A major controversy still prevails in the field of accounting as to which ac counting standard allows the optimal use of judgement and results in optimal fair representation and comparability. FASB has always been more inclined towards the adoption of rules based accounting whereas IASB has tended more toward a principles-based approach. Currently, FASB and IASB are in the process of amalgamating their accounting standards into a common one. In such context the debate regarding the accounting approach becomes even stronger than ever before and henceforth the relevance of judgement. However, the fact that rule based accounting have eroded judgements in some cases and failed in representing the economic substance faithfully, US professional leaders have admitted to the

Sociology Assignments ( Just Paraphrase ) Essay

Sociology Assignments ( Just Paraphrase ) - Essay Example Thus, it is unethical to force people to act against their will if they do not want to be part of the study. I will advise him to seek consent from the fraternity members. Failure to do so will compromise the quality of the study since there is no one who should be forced to participate in a study or secretly recorded since this should be voluntary. If you are asked to electrocute a stranger by Hitler, would you do it? Morally, it is not good to do something evil or harmful to another person fully knowing so I will refuse and would rather let him execute his evil intention alone. Scenario – Milgram’s critics are accusing him of exposing both innocent and naiive subjects under unfavorable emotional strain and pressure in his quest to gain knowledge through uncouth means. However, he justifies his actions by highlighting the difference between his naà ¯ve subjects and the man in the electronic chair. He argues that the naà ¯ve subject is free to leave unlike the man in the electric chair who is helpless therefore cannot move. The argument by his critics is more convincing since good research should not expose the research subjects to harm or emotional stress. The naà ¯ve subject is unsophisticated therefore cannot be used as a reliable source of data in a research. He was supposed to inform his subjects about his intended experiment and then reach a consensus. A good researcher does not use unethical means to gather data or to manipulate the data to suit his hypothesis. A good researcher always avoids bias. A good research on the other hand is not biased and it follows proper procedures where no one is harmed. A research can be defined as a carefully designed study that uses scientific methods to collect data in a bid to get answers from a particular area that is being investigated. The findings from the data collected are usually based on theory as well as the hypothesis of the study. There are

An issue considered in the presentations or books Essay

An issue considered in the presentations or books - Essay Example This paper explores the concept of supply of labor, its dynamics, and key factors. Many economic theories describe supply of labor in unique ways owing to the dynamic nature of the concept. Perhaps it is imperative to note from the onset that the total hours and real salary rate are the fundamental components of supply of labor in any given economic system. The supply of labor curve, which is the graphical representation of supply of labor, depicts the theoretical wage rates versus labor. The vertical axis of the supply of labor curve represents the theoretical wage rate while the horizontal axis represents the amount of labor that workers are willing to toil for at any given wage rate (Chagny, Döpke, Plane, and Schmidt 61). The dynamics of the supply of labor depend on the compromise between leisure and labor. This tradeoff implies that workers earn more incomes by working for more hours and vice versa. However, such workers must cut down on the number of hours they spend on leisure in order for them to earn hire by dedicating more time for labor. Although this notion necessitates a delicate balance, it confirms the fundamental trade-off between labor and leisure. It means that a rise in the rate of real wage increases the opportunity cost for leisure. This trend leads to the substitution effect in the sense that the workers will develop a tendency to supply more labor (Soest, Das, and Gong 15). As workers dedicate more hours for labor, their earnings as well as their real wage rate goes up. Subsequently, the demand for ‘normal good’ leisure increases as the workers incomes rises. It means that workers will supply less labor in order to spend more hours on their ‘normal good’ leisure activities. They will develop the tendency of spending because of their higher income and they will dedicate more time (hours) on leisure activities. This tendency is called

Local, State, and Federal Laws and Policie Essay Example for Free

Local, State, and Federal Laws and Policie Essay One of the most important aspects of teaching is providing a safe environment where student learning can be achieved. The only way this can be achieved is by staying up-to-date on all laws and polices in place to help schools and teachers provide a safe environment. There are many documents provided for teachers and students to help them get familiar with all the local, state, and federal laws and polices. This essay will focus on a â€Å"Student/Parent Guide†, â€Å"Faculty Handbook†, and a â€Å"Comprehensive School Safety Plan. † The first artifact is a â€Å"Student/Parent Guide.† This book is considered both a rule book and an information booklet to help in all aspects of student life. It contains a multitude of information regarding the rules governing students, student activities, school curriculum, and general information about the school and its procedures. The first pages describe in detail two Acts dealing with a students enrollment, attendance at school, and the right to retain a drivers license. It also describes the state law relating to the â€Å"Quiet Reflection Time† that public schools are required to uphold. The next section deals with general school information. This section has policies ranging from absences and truancy to first aid and emergency procedures. The next part in the book is the rules governing students section. This section includes the policies dealing with fighting, dress code, drugs, cheating, and many other rules and their consequences. The third section is titled Instructional Program and deals with the schools curriculum. This section begins by stating the schools accreditation and also states that it meets and exceeds â€Å"Section 504† in its special  education program. It also stats the policies on parent conferences, graduation requirements, and summer school. The last section is the schools policies on student actives and assemblies such as pep rallies. Overall, this booklet contains a massive amount of information containing all levels of polices and procedures aimed for student and parent usage. The next artifact is a â€Å"Faculty Handbook.† This handbook is designed as reference book for teachers. It is the centralized book containing all school policies. It beginnings by describing the faculty absentee policy and how to prepare for a substitute teacher. The book details many types of leave such as professional, sick, and personal, and what to do for each situation. The next section of the handbook covers many policies on posting attendance, lesson plans, and grade posting. Classroom procedures, which include discipline, structure, and monetary collections is discussed in the next section. The last section in the handbook explains the policies on field trips, purchase orders, report cards, summer school, and the schools philosophy of education. With all the policy and procedural information contained in this handbook, a teacher can be better prepared for any situation. The last artifact for discussion is a schools â€Å"Comprehensive School Safety Plan.† The school system devised this 100 page plan to ensure the â€Å"highest degree of safety and security in the school environment†. In the first section, a detailed description is given on emergency contacts, school crisis teams, and a list of emergency supplies in school. The second part deals with teacher training for emergencies. It describes how communications should be handled, securing the grounds, student supervision. The last section in the safety plan details a multitude of security risks and their procedures. Some examples include bomb threats, hostage situations, sexual assault, fights, and severe weather. The first is to always be prepared for whatever situation may arise, and with this document, teachers are better prepared to deal with almost all safety situations. In conclusion, with all these documents, students, teachers, and parents can be up to date on all policies that affect them in and around the school  environment.

Shakespeares supernatural elements

Shakespeares supernatural elements Shakespeare used the supernatural in Macbeth to entertain and to terrify his audiences. Is a modern audience entertained and terrified in the same way by the supernatural elements in the play? The main function of the play is to entertain and to terrify the audiences who witness the play. The three witches lure Macbeth into their plan and he fulfils their predictions after being influenced by the idea of becoming king. Once king, Macbeth goes back to see the witches again and he demands more prophecies of his future. Macbeths ambition takes control of him and is what eventually leads him to his death. The mood and atmosphere, within the audience changes, dramatically, during play. The characters, e.g. Macbeth, are constantly developing and becoming new people due to the supernatural effect, influenced by others. The supernatural creates a dark and sinister effect towards the atmosphere of the play, where it is easier to believe that evil things can occur, for instance, Duncans murder. The way the witches control the mysterious forces of the supernatural gives the audience an uncomfortable feeling which partially contributes to the dark, threatening mood. Characters use ambiguities and antitheses to bring across a dramatic effect, fair is foule, and foule is fair is a direct contrast of words yet it has more than one meaning. This type of language adds towards the threatening mood of the play. Many people today do not believe in witches because we know that there is no such thing as supernatural, due to scientific evidence. This is why modern audiences enjoy reading or watching plays, like Macbeth, because it is very exciting and out of the ordinary due to its use of supernatural elements in the play. We notice that there is also a lot of superstition manifested in the play. Act 1 Scene 5, Lady Macbeth says, Come, you spirits that tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, this tells us that she has a strong belief in superstition and relies on the evil spirits to give her strength. She also says The raven himself is hoarse that croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan under my battlements this shows that she believes in superstitious signs about what will happen. Shakespeares contemporary audiences would not have understood anything about the reality of supernatural elements. They would have all been very superstitious and have believed in the supernatural of witchcraft. They wou ld have believed that Macbeth was possessed because he had visions and was distressed. People believed in these supernatural figures because they did not have any explanations for the things that happened. Nowadays we have the advantage of having scientific knowledge and theories. We have a full advantage on the understanding of the supernatural elements of the play. Act 1 Scene 1 is the first supernatural scene that we observe. In an open, deserted, wasteland, we first notice that all three witches mysteriously gather together and plan to meet again on the heath. Throughout the play, the witches speak in their own language to confuse their victims. We observe the witches in three different clips and they are each portrayed very differently. Clip 1, directed by Trevor Nunn, 1978, the scene is rather daunting and unsettling. The witches enter a dark, deserted cave-like area at night and are seen as typical witches. All three witches are dressed in rags yet appear to have different ages and appearances. The two elder witches rely on the younger witch as a source of prophesy for the future. The clip is fully focused on the witches as it is set on stage so the background is less detailed. Many background sound effects are used to create a dangerous storm-like atmosphere which creates a build up of tension. Clip 2, directed by Bogdanov, 1998, is an inaccurate approach to the witches as they are set in the future. It is set in an old quarry with an unpleasant and deserted atmosphere due to all of the rubbish and fires. Yet again, the witches all have different appearances- they are different races, they wear unusual, gypsy-like clothi ng and could be described as homeless people. Clip 1 is more realistic than Clip 2 because we know that at Shakespeares time, the surroundings would not have been like that and it is less convincing. The witches are able to predict and foretell the coming future, Witch 3 exclaims, That will be ere the set of sun, this shows us that they can prophesise what is going to happen. The witches plan to meet with Macbeth from the very beginning of the play, There to meet with Macbeth which also emphasizes their powers, because they plan to meet with a character of whom they have never met before, yet they know that he will definitely be there. As prophesized, he comes, and repeats the words that the witches have used, So foul and fair it is almost as if he has already had an anonymous connection with the witches and evil spirits. Act 1 Scene 3, Banquo and Macbeth first meet the witches. Banquo describes them as withered th inhabitants o the earth, this tells us they are old, wild looking, very unattractive and strange for wearing such unusual clothes. He also says that they have beards, which explains how they are different to most women. The Witches make predictions for Macbeths future. They exclaim, Thou shalt get kings, though thou be none which leaves Macbeth confused yet intrigued to find out more about his prophesised destiny. Banquo thinks that it is weird how they have predicted such a grand future for Macbeth and exclaims things that do sound so fair? Banquo does not believe the predictions will happen, L the name of truth. Act 1 Scene 3, the witches speak in contradicting riddles to confuse Macbeth, Lesser than Macbeth, and greater, Not so happy, but much happier. Both riddles are particularly confusing for the audience and Macbeth to comprehend due to their contradictions. Throughout the play, the witches continue to act very mysteriously, which also contributes to the cunning, impact that they have on us. Even though the witches are reluctant to tell Macbeth too much, they influence him to fulfil the prophecies, in order to become king, after a previous prediction comes true. It suggests that the witches put him under a spell as he is continuously intrigued to find out more about the predictions for his future. Act 4 Scene 1, known as the cauldron scene, is one of the most commonly well known superstitious scenes throughout the play. It is well known for its famous quote, double double toil and trouble, fire burn and cauldron bubble!. This scene is brought to life in the dramatic way in which the Witches use the cauldron. The theatrical effect is increased by the spell and its imaginary ingredients. A few of the ingredients are, eye of newt, and toe of frog, wool of bat and tongue of dog. This creates a dramatic impact towards the mood and atmosphere of the scene because the audience is encouraged to feel disturbed by the strange, eerie events on stage and the mysterious actions of the witches. The witches are very sinister and serious about the potion and repeat their charm, double double toil and trouble, fire burn and cauldron bubble!, three times, which adds to the suspension causing the audience to feel especially nerved as they wait for what is going to happen next. This scene is very powerful because it creates a huge amount of suspension within its audience, who begin to feel as though they are being lingered into the dreadfully, dark, evil magic being created. Audiences may even begin to believe that they are supposed to be dark spirits and witches, observing the creation of the potion. Before Macbeth enters the cave, the Witches predict, by the pricking of my thumbs, something wicked this way comes. Yet again, this emphasises their continuous, precision in their predictions. Macbeth begins to rapidly rely on the witches for his success in royalty. We begin to see that they are slowly, with disguise, lingering him into their prophesised trap and allowing him to become another one of their helpless victims. During this scene, Macbeth is very unaware as he does not think deeply enough about the prophecies that he is being given for the future. Macbeth enters the cavern and demands the witches to tell him exactly what he wants, you secret, black and midnight hags! What ist you do? Macbeth instantly appears fearless and has too much confidence. When he is told that none of woman born shall harm Macbeth, Macbeth appears oblivious when he says then live, Macduff, what need I fear of thee?. He is fooled by the trick within the announcement and believes that no one can harm him. He believes he is invincible and is unafraid of death, Ill fight till from my bones my flesh be hackd. Macbeth threatens to curse the witches if they dont do as he commands, and this shows that he has over estimated his power. The supernatural has a powerful, dramatic effect over peoples lives that takes control and causes characters personalities to change for the worse. The witches are linked with supernatural and co ntrol the mysteriousness of it all, which is how Macbeth became possessed, leading to his death. When Macbeth was told the predictions for his future, he made a turn for the worst and used evil methods to complete the necessary requirements, to fulfil the predictions. We know that Macbeths knowledge of the future took over his life and forced him to become an evil character. Another scene that contains supernatural elements is Act 2 Scene 1, also well known as the dagger scene. Macbeth expresses his thoughts and emotions whilst heading towards Duncans chamber. Macbeth has visions and sees a dagger and is fascinated by it. The first half of the soliloquy, Shakespeare explores Macbeths feelings towards the dagger. Macbeth questions the dagger and is uncertain whether he is hallucinating or if there is a real dagger in front of him, is this a dagger which I see before me. Macbeth follows the dagger and exclaims, Thou marshallst me the way that I was going. Shakespeares plot suggests that the witches have sent the dagger as a sign for Macbeth to follow and fulfil. The second half of the soliloquy, Shakespeare creates a daunting atmosphere, nature seems at dead and wicked dreams abuse. Shakespeare uses imagery to create a picture of the scene in our minds. He uses similes, moves like a ghost, and so we can picture how silently Macbeth travels. Macbeth fears that all of the evil spirits will disturb the plan and cause it to fail for fear thy very stones prate of my whereabout. Macbeth is the main character of the play and as the story develops we start to become part of his character. Our thoughts and emotions become more similar to his, which is why although Macbeth is doing wrong, we still feel sympathy for his feelings and do not want him to be found out and punished. Shakespeare describes the outside world as a hell world and suggests that it is full of dark and evil spirits, hiding among the shadows of the night. Shakespeare creates an atmosphere that is both tensional and stressful for the audience. The night is full of dark, evil, dangerous, spirits from the unknown world and with such a sinister atmosphere; it resembles the witches because they encourage evil deeds to take place- this makes us sense that the witches are trying to communicate with Macbeth and lure him into their plan. Macbeth says, Witchcraft celebrates Pale Heca tes offerings, which suggests the witches are near. Act 2 Scene 1, there are many different interpretations which are all represented uniquely. Trevor Nunn, 1978, the scene is entirely focused on Macbeth as he speaks aloud. The daggers sharpness is emphasised and the scene is almost too quite- this forces us to share his intensity. We see that Macbeth is terrified as he is sweating heavily and speaks with an uneasy tone. He later goes on to caress the dagger due to his madness. In the Orson Welles 1948, version, the entire scene is portrayed by Macbeths thoughts. The eerie background music is very disturbing and suspicious which adds to the impact of the scene. The camera goes in and out of focus, which adds to the confusion of the scene and the low-key lighting represents good and evil. We are unable to see the dagger although we hear mysterious voices, which represent how the witches are always watching their victims. Act 3 Scene 4, is when we witness another supernatural scene from the play. The Banquet scene is the centrepiece of the play. When Banquos ghost appears, Macbeth is immediately terrified and scared that the ghost might punish and haunt him for the evil sins he has committed. Macbeth refers to the ghost and says Thou canst not say I did it! Never shake thy gory locks at me! which shows his fear as he tries to deny the murder. Macbeth is so terrified, he begs the ghost to leave several times, Prithee, see there!, Avaunt and quit my sight!. The fact that Macbeth can see ghosts reveals that he is losing his state of mind and going mad as a result of his fear and guilt. We do not feel the same way or have the same guilt and emotions as Macbeth does, this is because we cannot see the same visions since we havent committed his crimes and therefore do not have the same feelings of guilt. The tension, as we wait to see how Macbeth will react, creates a large amount of excitement within the au dience. Shakespeares audiences would have been held under suspension as they waited to find out what was happening to Macbeth, since they couldnt see the ghost. Although, towards the end of the scene they would have explained that Macbeth was hallucinating over a guilty conscience .Although, nowadays a modern audiences opinion would not necessarily changed that much compared to Shakespeares contemporary audience. Many people would have thought similarly that Macbeth was fretting and hallucinating over a guilty conscience. Just after Macbeth succeeded in murdering Duncan, we learn that he and Lady Macbeth appeared to have swap roles. The supernatural starts to take control of Macbeth and he dramatically changes characters. As before, he used to rely on his wife, however now he becomes less dependent on his wife and takes control of situations, he even plans to kill Banquo without his wife knowing. He also becomes more confident and decisive, and is more distant with his wife. Lady Macbeth also changes; she starts to sleepwalk due to her fear in guilt, of being found out, and shouts out damned spot! as she tries to rub off the imaginary spot of blood she sees on her hand. Due to the supernatural effect, Macbeth is so focused on becoming a successful king that he ignores his wifes death. Throughout this play, we learn how some people will do almost anything to be powerful and Macbeth was one of those sorts of people. At the beginning of the play, Macbeth is portrayed as a character with a good heart. He was even prepared to die for his king. However when he was given the chance to rule, as king, he seized the opportunity and from then on, he became frighteningly power crazy, which was when he was overrun by his aspiration of becoming an entirely successful, triumphant king. Shakespeares audiences may have seen the world in a different way to modern audiences, but nowadays we have the advantage of having scientific knowledge and theories, so we find the supernatural elements entertaining and, to some extent, terrifying. Many people today do not believe in witches because we have no evidence that it is physically possible, so we are not scared or intimidated by them. For example, we know that there is no such thing a wizard, potions and spells, which is why we enjoy watching Harry Potter. It is different from reality and we like to imagine that such a thing is possible. Although modern audiences do not react to supernatural elements in the play in the same way as Shakespeares audiences, we still find them entertaining and terrifying, in a different context.

Ultrasonic Evaluation of Horizontal Defects

Ultrasonic Evaluation of Horizontal Defects A Novel Method for Ultrasonic Evaluation of Horizontal Defects Using Time-of-Flight Diffraction Abstract Time-of-flight Diffraction method (ToFD) is an amplitude-independent sizing method, which is based on the measurement of time-of-flight of defect tip diffracted waves. Although, ToFD can measure through-wall length of defect accurately, this method is not able to measure horizontal defect size. In this paper, a new time of flight diffraction (ToFD) method for evaluating horizontal planar defects is presented. The finite element method, using ABAQUS software package, is employed to simulate the ultrasonic wave behavior in the test blocks and its interaction with the embedded planar defects. The phased array technology is also used to model the ultrasonic inspection system parameters. FEM simulation of the new ToFD method for different crack sizes shows that, compared to the conventional ToFD method, the accuracy of results is within acceptable range to use the novel technique for measuring the horizontal planar defects. Keywords Ultrasonic wave, diffracted wave, horizontal planar defects, ToFD 1. Introduction Non-destructive testing has been increasingly used to assure the quality and reliability in the oil and gas pipeline industries. The ultrasonic pulse-echo technique uses the pulse flight time to locate the flaw and the echo amplitude to measure the defect size. Since the amplitude of the reflected pulses can be influenced by many parameters, such as beam spread, surface roughness and transparency, using amplitude is not always sufficient for accurate defect sizing (Krautkramer, 1990).The basis of the Time-of-Flight Diffraction (TOFD) technique was invented at the National NDT Centre, Harwell, in the 1970s. Time-of-Flight Diffraction was invented mainly by Silk and his co-workers at the Harwell Laboratory. It was developed over a period of about 10 years starting in the early 1970s, from a laboratory curiosity into a sophisticated full-scale inspection method capable of detecting and sizing defects in components accurately (Silk, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1978)[M1][S2]. The ToFD technique is an amplitude-independent sizing method, based on the measurement of time-of-flight of flaw tips diffracted waves. Golan and Sachese suggested a method to calculate crack size from the time delay between the arrival of a surface longitudinal reference beam and a longitudinal or shear beam diffracted from the tips of crack (Golan, 1980). Mak (Mak, 1983) developed a trigonometric method to calculate location, height and angle of defect by a transducer located in different scan positions. The ToFD technique provides the highest possible accuracy in measuring the depth and through-wall length of defects (Charlesworth et al., 2001), (Baby et al., 2003), (Al-Ataby, 2012). In 1986, finite element simulation of ultrasonic wave propagation and its interaction with defects have been conducted by Ludwig and Lord (Ludwig et al., 1986). The numerical analysis of wave propagation for ToFD in an austenitic stainless steel specimen with consideration of the effects of scattering at grain boundaries was carried out by Lin et al. (Lin et al., 2006), and Connolly (Connolly, 2009). They developed an efficient method for modeling the effects of coarse grains in austenitic materials. In 2007, simulation of the ToFD technique, using finite element method, was carried out by Baskaran et al. They used ANSYS finite element package to model the propagation of ultrasonic waves in a thin cracked two dimensional specimen (Baskaran et al., 2006). In 2010, Honarvar and Khorasani used ABAQUS software package to simulate the propagation of ultrasonic waves and diffraction phenomena. They compared simulated results for drilled-hole diffraction with photo elastic snapshots (Honarv ar and Khorasani et al., 2010). Though, ToFD provides better accuracy in locating and sizing defects than other ultrasonic sizing methods and has a high probability of flaw detection (POD), only through-wall length of the defect can be measured and the defect real size cannot be evaluated (Charlesworth et al., 2001). Therefore, ToFD method cannot be used for measuring and sizing horizontal cracks (horizontal planar defects) (ASME, 2010). In this paper, a new time of flight diffraction (ToFD) method is presented for evaluating and measuring horizontal planar defects. The finite element method, using ABAQUS software package, is employed to simulate the ultrasonic wave behavior in the test blocks and its interaction with the embedded planar defects. The finite element results for different crack sizes are used to study and investigate the presence and generation of different wave modes in the test block and the efficiency and efficacy of the new proposed method. 2. Review of conventional time-of-flight diffraction method (ToFD) The ToFD technique uses tip diffraction to identify the top, bottom, and ends of a discontinuity. Silk chose to use an angled compression wave for the ToFD technique rather than a shear wave, for two reasons. First, the tip diffraction signal is stronger than a shear wave diffraction signal, and second, a lateral wave is produced that can be used to measure the horizontal distance between the transmitter and receiver. The tip diffraction signal is generated at the tip of the discontinuity; effectively a â€Å"point† source. According to Huygens (Krautkramer et al., 1990), a point source produces a spherical wave. Figure 1-a shows a typical TOFD transducer set-up on a component with a vertical discontinuity. Figure 1-b shows both the lateral wave and a diffraction beam from the tip of a reflector. There are four sound paths from the transmitter to the receiver. Path â€Å"A† is the lateral wave path traveling just below the surface. Path â€Å"B† is the tip diffraction path from the top of the discontinuity. Path â€Å"C† is the tip diffraction path from the bottom of the discontinuity, and path â€Å"D† is the back wall echo path. Figure 2 shows a typical un-rectified received signal using ToFD. Note that the phase relationships A and C are in opposite phase to B and D. The important difference to note is between B and C; the top and bottom diffraction signals ar e in opposite phase. This phase difference allows the practitioner to identify those points.[M3] Assuming[S4] that the diffracting tip is centered between the two transducers, the depth of crack tips below the inspection surface can be calculated from (1) [M5][S6](2) and therefore, (3) Where a is the defect through-wall size, d1 is depth of top edge from surface, d2 is depth of bottom edge from surface and 2S is probe separation (see Figure 1-b). C is the longitudinal wave velocity inside the material, t2 and t3 are, respectively, the travel times of waves diffracted from the top and bottom of the crack. 3. Finite element modelingof time-of-flight diffractionmethod In this section, the finite element method (FEM) is used to simulate the ultrasonic wave propagation in the time of flight diffraction technique. The FEM modeling consists of two basic steps; defining mesh configuration and problem discretization, modeling of the transmitting and receiving transducers. ABAQUS finite element software package is employed for analysis and a two-dimensional four-node quadrilateral plane strain element, CPE4R, is used in ABAQUS to discretize a carbon steel test block including vertical crack. See Figure (1-b). The mesh size depends on the frequency of the propagated wave in the sample and the corresponding wavelength. The piezoelectric angle wave transducer, transmitter, is simulated by a transient single frequency pulse wave applying on the surface of the sample. The transient excitation is modeled using a cyclic single frequency pressure/force function as (Mardani et al., 2012), (4) where f is the excitation wave frequency and N is the number of cycles. Using linear delay law for phased array transducers, the compressional excitations can be applied on the sequential elements so that ultrasonic wave propagates at a specific angle, ÃŽ ¸S. The delay time between adjacent elements, or nodes, is calculated using hyphen’s principle (Olympus NDT, 2007) as, (5) where d is distance between two adjacent elements, ÃŽ ¸s is steering angle of propagation, C is longitudinal wave speed in the media and Δt is time delay between two adjacent elements. To investigate the convergence of the results and the appropriate element size for a 2 MHz frequency ultrasonic wave, the signal-to-noise ratio, SNR, is obtained for different element sizes. As it can be seen in Figure 3, at f = 2 MHz, the maximum SNR and SNR convergence occurs for the element sizes smaller than 60 ÃŽ ¼m. 4. The proposed method As it was mentioned before, using the conventional ToFD method in Eqs. (1) to (3), the difference between time-of-flight diffractions of upper and lower crack tips gives the defect through-wall size and the actual defect size cannot be measured. This means that the conventional ToFD technique leads to large errors for oblique defects and cannot also be used for horizontal defects. In the proposed method, a novel configuration and the corresponding formula are used so that the ToFD method can be employed to evaluate horizontal planar defects. Figure 4 shows the proposed ToFD configuration on the specimen with a horizontal planar discontinuity. As it can be seen, in this configuration, two transducers including a transmitter/receiver, No. 1 and a receiver, No. 2, are located at the both sides of defect. The ultrasonic wave propagation, in this configuration, is simulated using ABAQUS to study the behavior of ultrasonic wave modes in the test block and their interaction with the defect. In Figure 5, the different incident ultrasonic wave modes are shown. The transmitting transducer, T1, emits a short pulse of ultrasonic wave, longitudinal wave, into the component and energy spreads out as it propagates into the specimen. If the crack face is smooth, there will be a mirror-like reflection of the wave incident on the face. See Figure 6. For any horizontal planar discontinuity, whether smooth or rough-faced, diffraction from the edges of the defect causes some fraction of the incident energy travel towards the receiving transducers R1and R2 in longitudinal and shear modes with different wave velocity. As it can be seen in Figures 6 and 7, the mode conversion behavior due to the interaction of ultrasonic wave with the defect leads to the presence of longitudinal and shear waves from each tips of the defect. Moreover, three different wave modes, including longitudinal lateral, shear lateral and Rayleigh waves travel from the transmitting transducer, T1, to the receiving transducer, R2. See Figure 5. If the crack is large enough, the signals from the two end of defect will be sufficiently separated in time to be recognized as coming from separate sources. Therefore, using this configuration and the related ultrasonic wave propagation simulation, the time difference between the received longitudinal diffracted waves from the left and right defect tips to each receiver, R1 and R2, can be employed to measure the horizontal defect size. It should be noted that the new method can also be used for evaluating the vertical defects. To calculate the horizontal defect size using Pythagoras’ theorem gives, [M7] (6[S8]) and (7) where t1 is the arrival time of the signal diffracted from the left tip of the defect by receiver 1, R1, and t2 is the arrival time of the signal diffracted from the right tip of the defect by receiver 2, R2. CL is the longitudinal wave velocity and 2S is the separation between the transducers. 5. Results and Discussions To investigate the efficiency and efficacy of the proposed method, using finite element modeling, the novel method is carried out on eight carbon steel blocks with different size embedded horizontal cracks. The test blocks have 100 mm lengths and 20à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ 20 mm2 cross sections and are modeled with ABAQUS finite element software package using CPE4R plane strain elements. The acoustic and elastic properties of carbon steel are given in Table 1[M9][S10]. Each block contains a horizontal planar defect. The defects have 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 mm length and 12 mm depth, see Figure 4. The transmitter is modeled as an 8-element 2 MHz phased array transducer. Each element of the phased array transducer has 0.5 mm length and the gap space between two adjacent elements is 0.1 mm. The first receiving transducer is located on the position of the transmitter and the second is located at 35 mm distance from the transmitter on the inspection surface, 2S = 35 mm. The ABAQUS finite elemen t software package is used to simulate the new ultrasonic ToFD method. The received signals at the first and the second receivers are shown in Figures 8 and 9. In Figure 8, the first echo is related to the transient pulse waves, Eq. (4), generated by the eight elements of the phased array transducer using a specific delay times, Eq. (5), which receives at the first receiver, initial pulse. In this signal, the second echo is related to wave diffraction from the left tip of the defect which is detected by the first receiver, R1. The back-wall reflection from back surface of the block is shown as the third echo in this figure. Figure 9 shows the signal received by the second transducer, R2. In this signal, the first echo is due to the longitudinal mode of the lateral wave which travels from transmitter to the receiver 2, R2, and the second echo is diffracted wave from the right tip of the horizontal defect. Figures 5, 6 and 7 show the corresponding waves propagated in the test block. U sing the signals detected by the receiving transducers, the corresponding times due to diffracted echoes from the defect tips (left and right) are determined, and then the horizontal defect size is measured using Eqs. (6) and (7). The new method is carried out on eight carbon steel blocks with different size embedded horizontal cracks. The measured crack size resulting from FEM simulation of each block is shown in Table 2. Comparing the simulated and the measured crack size results shows that the maximum error is %19.7 which occurs at 2 mm crack size. As it can be seen in Table 2, the measured crack size error is minimized within the crack size range of 8 14 mm and is slightly increased for larger defects. This agrees with the conventional ToFD results which show higher measurement errors at smaller crack sizes (Charlesworth et al., 2001). Considering the simulated results of different crack size shown in Table 2, show that accuracy of the proposed method for horizontal cracks, comparing to the conventional method for vertical cracks, is within acceptable range. 6. Conclusions In this paper, a new time of flight diffraction (ToFD) method to evaluate horizontal planar defects was presented. The finite element method was employed to simulate the ultrasonic wave behavior in the test blocks and its interaction with the embedded planar defects, such as crack. The phased array technology was also used to model the ultrasonic inspection system parameters. Simulation of the new ToFD method for different crack sizes, using ABAQUS finite element package, showed that, comparing to the conventional ToFD method, the result accuracies are within acceptable range to use the novel technique for measuring the horizontal planar defects. [M11]Using[S12] the new method for eight carbon steel blocks with different size horizontal cracks (2–16 mm) showed that the maximum error occurs at 2 mm crack length. Also, it was observed that the measured crack size error is minimized within the range of 8 14 mm and is slightly increased for larger defects. References Al-Ataby, A. A., Automatic detection, Sizing and Characterization of Weld Defects Using Ultrasonic Time-of-Flight Diffraction, PhD Dissertation, Liverpool University, p.95-96, 2012. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Boiler and Pressure Vessel code, Section V, Non Destructive Examination. Appendix N time of flight diffraction (TOFD) Interpretation, Article 4, 2010. Baby, S., Balasubramanian, T. , Pardikar, R.J., Palaniappan, M. , and Subbaratnam, R. , Time-of-Flight Diffraction (TOFD) Technique for Accurate Sizing of Surface-breaking Cracks, Insight, June, Vol. 45, No. 6, p. 426-430, 2003. Baskaran, G., Balasubramaniam, K., and Lakshmana Rao, C., Shear Wave Time-of-flight Diffraction (S-ToFD) Technique, NDTE International, Vol. 39, p.458-467, 2006. Charlesworth, J. P., and Temple, J. A. G., Engineering Applications of Ultrasonic Time of Flight Diffraction, England, RSP Press , p.20-28,2001. Connolly, G.D., Modeling of the Propagation of Ultrasound through Austenitic Steel Welds, Ph.D.Dissertation, UK Research Centre in NDE (RCNDE) Department of Mechanical Engineering Imperial College London, 2009. Golan, S., Sizing of Cracks with Scattered Ultrasonic Waves, Proceeding of First International Symposium Ultrasonic Characterization, p. 29-36, 1980. Hellier, C. J., Handbook of Nondestructive Evaluation, McGraw Hill, 2003. Honarvar, F., and Khorasani, S., Simulation of Time of Flight Diffraction (ToFD) Technique by Finite Element Method, Online Workshop in www.ndt.net, September, 2010. Krautkramer, J., and krautkramer, H., Ultrasonic Testing of Materials, Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1990. Lin, S., Futomi, H., and Ogata, T., Analysis of Wave Propagation for the ToFD Method by Finite Eement Method: Optimization of Test Configuration and Proposal of a New ToFD Method, Nondestructive Evaluation, Vol. 25, 2006. Ludwig and, R., and, Lord, W., Developments in the Finite Element Modeling of Ultrasonic NDT Phenomena, Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, 5A, American Institute of Physics, p.73-81, 1986. Mak, D.K., Ultrasonic Method for Measuring Crack Location, Crack Height and Crack Angle, Ultrasonics, p.259-270, 1983. Mardani, M., Sodagar, S., and Rashed, G. R., Modeling of Ultrasonic Phased Array Method Using Finite Element Method, ISME2012, Shiraz, Iran. Olympus NDT, Advances in Phased Array Ultrasonic Technology Applications, Waltham, 2007. Silk, M.G., Defect detection and sizing in metal using ultrasound, Int. Metall, V.27, pp28-50, 1973. Silk, M.G., Accurate Technique for Defect Sizing in Pressurized Components, London, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, V.3, pp155-162, 1974. Silk, M.G., Defect Sizing Using Ultrasonic Diffraction, British Journal of Nondestructive Test, V.21, p.12-15, 1976. Silk, M.G., The Use of Diffraction-based Ttime-of-flight Measurement to Locate and Size Defects, British journal of Nondestructive Test, Vol. 26, p.208-213, 1978. [M1]please shorten this and delete repeated and unnecessary information. [S2]Done [M3]How do you see these in Figure 2? [S4]It can be explained by: The maximum amplitude at first (A) and third (C) echoes at tL and t2 are dip (negative) and the maximum amplitude at second (B) and fifth (D) are peak (positive). [M5]Show â€Å"S† in figure 1-b. [S6]Done [M7]Show all parameters in the figures. [S8]Done. [M9]Give all units in this table. [S10]Done. [M11]This is more like an abstract than conclusions. It adds nothing to the paper. [S12]Done.

Problems Encountered When Feed :: essays research papers

There are four problems that may occur in individuals with sever disabilities when feeding is taking place. These four problems, chin retraction, tongue retraction, chin thrust, and tongue thrust, all take place in the dental region of the face, and they all involve the muscles of that same region. Each one presents its own difficulties; however, sometimes the may occur simultaneously. The basis for the inner feeding team is the jaw, or chin. It controls and regulates the movements of the other muscles, (including the lips and tongue). The jaw may have two significant problems that accompany it. The first is known as chin retraction. This condition is found mainly in individuals with neurological impairments. The reasons for this being that these individuals tend to show more neck extension and shoulder retraction. With this poor development, the jaw is pushed forward by the rest of the skeletal structure. The jaw then opens irregularly and with no set pattern. It may even become stuck in an open position. Feeding is difficult because the child has little or no control over his jaw. Another problem that may occur with the jaw, but is less common, is chin retraction. This movement is a pulling back of the lower jaw, making it difficult for the mouth to open fully. Strain is placed on the mouth and air passage forming a smaller tunnel of flow. This then creates a problem with swallowing. A child with this type of problem must not be given solid, tough, or chewy food that is not already chopped up. Otherwise choking may occur. In addition to problems with the chin are problems with the tongue. The tongue is one of the major muscles of the mouth. The ability of the tongue to change shape contributes to the efficiency and skill with which food can be organized and controlled in the mouth. If the tongue becomes thin, thick, flat, bunched, pointed, cupped, or humped, then it cannot function properly. The first problem that can occur with the tongue is called tongue thrust. This is a forceful protrusion of the tongue from the mouth. Movement that is frequently arrhythmic characterizes it. With the tongue pushed forward, it makes it difficult to insert a spoon or nipple. Many times the food is pushed out of the mouth as it is inserted. A minor form of tongue thrust is known as exaggerated tongue protrusion.